Instrumento para avaliação da qualidade espacial do ambiente de pedestres
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Data
2019-04-12
Autores
Tonon, Beatriz Frasão
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A cidade é um organismo complexo, cuja forma urbana está em constante transformação e os protagonistas são os pedestres. Essa complexidade induz a necessidade de associar diferentes abordagens para avaliar a qualidade espacial urbana. Formada por elementos físicos e morfológicos, com aspectos positivos e negativos, as diferentes composições da forma urbana podem influenciar na qualidade espacial e no uso e apropriação desses locais pelos usuários. Entender o desempenho desses elementos, e a forma como são percebidos por pedestres, pode ser o primeiro passo para identificar a qualidade espacial urbana que pode contribuir para a escolha de caminhos ou na sua permanência no espaço urbano. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um instrumento para avaliar a qualidade espacial do ambiente de pedestres a partir de elementos físicos e morfológicos que compõem os quatro planos bidimensionais (calçada, fachada, cobertura e rua) que os envolvem no ambiente urbano; as interseções viárias que permitem a continuidade do percurso; e o desempenho da configuração da forma urbana na orientação de seus deslocamentos. O instrumento é composto por três etapas de aplicação: (i) avaliar os aspectos físicos dos planos urbanos (calçada, fachada, cobertura e rua) e das interseções viárias; (ii) verificar a influência da forma e aspectos urbanos dos elementos morfológicos na legibilidade espacial, denominada desempenho topoceptivo; (iii) identificar os caminhos com melhor qualidade espacial para os pedestres. O instrumento é aplicado na região central da cidade de Marília – SP, área com grande concentração urbana e elevado fluxo de veículos e pedestres com diferentes objetivos de deslocamentos. Os resultados apontam para a efetividade do instrumento em identificar os principais problemas enfrentados por pedestres, os quais concentram seus deslocamentos na porção mais central da área de estudo, onde há melhor qualidade espacial dos planos bidimensionais, das interseções viárias e a predominância do uso comercial. Os resultados permitiram uma reflexão sobre como os arquitetos e urbanistas estão planejando e construindo nossas cidades, e de que forma pequenas alterações na legislação municipal podem interferir positivamente na qualidade espacial do ambiente de pedestres. O instrumento proposto visa permitir que gestores municipais possam identificar pontualmente os problemas urbanos associados ao espaço do pedestre, propor e implementar soluções a curto e médio prazo, a fim de melhorar a qualidade espacial deste ambiente.
The city is a complex organism, whose urban form is in constant transformation and the protagonists are the pedestrians. This complexity induces the need of associating different approaches to assess urban spatial quality. Composed by physical and morphological elements, both with positive and negative aspects, the different arrangements of the urban form can influence the spatial quality and the use and appropriation of these places by the main users. Understanding the performance of these elements and the way they are perceived by pedestrians can be the first step to identify the urban spatial quality that can contribute to the choice among paths or their permanence in urban space. In this context, the aim of this research is to propose an instrument to assess the spatial quality of the pedestrian environment from the physical and morphological elements that composes the four two-dimensional planes (ground plan, building wall, canopy and street) involving them in the urban environment; the street intersections which allow the continuity of the pathway; and the performance of the urban form configuration in the orientation of pedestrians in their displacements. The instrument is composed of three stages of application: (i) to assess the physical aspects of the urban plans (ground plan, building wall, canopy and street) and street intersections; (ii) to verify the influence of the form and urban aspects of the morphological elements in the spatial legibility, denominated topoceptive performance; (iii) to identify the paths with the best spatial quality for pedestrians. The instrument is applied in the central part of Marília - SP, an area with great urban concentration and high flow of vehicles and pedestrians with different displacement purposes. The results point to the effectiveness of the instrument in identifying the main problems faced by pedestrians, who concentrate their displacements in the most central portion of the studied area, where there is the highest spatial quality of the two-dimensional planes, the intersections of the road and the predominance of commercial use. The results allowed a reflection the way architects and planners are planning and building our cities, and how small changes in municipal legislation can positively interfere with the spatial quality of the pedestrian environment. The presented instrument aims to allow municipal managers to identify the urban problems, in an accurately way, associated with pedestrian space, proposing and implementing short and medium term approaches to improve the spatial quality of this environment.
The city is a complex organism, whose urban form is in constant transformation and the protagonists are the pedestrians. This complexity induces the need of associating different approaches to assess urban spatial quality. Composed by physical and morphological elements, both with positive and negative aspects, the different arrangements of the urban form can influence the spatial quality and the use and appropriation of these places by the main users. Understanding the performance of these elements and the way they are perceived by pedestrians can be the first step to identify the urban spatial quality that can contribute to the choice among paths or their permanence in urban space. In this context, the aim of this research is to propose an instrument to assess the spatial quality of the pedestrian environment from the physical and morphological elements that composes the four two-dimensional planes (ground plan, building wall, canopy and street) involving them in the urban environment; the street intersections which allow the continuity of the pathway; and the performance of the urban form configuration in the orientation of pedestrians in their displacements. The instrument is composed of three stages of application: (i) to assess the physical aspects of the urban plans (ground plan, building wall, canopy and street) and street intersections; (ii) to verify the influence of the form and urban aspects of the morphological elements in the spatial legibility, denominated topoceptive performance; (iii) to identify the paths with the best spatial quality for pedestrians. The instrument is applied in the central part of Marília - SP, an area with great urban concentration and high flow of vehicles and pedestrians with different displacement purposes. The results point to the effectiveness of the instrument in identifying the main problems faced by pedestrians, who concentrate their displacements in the most central portion of the studied area, where there is the highest spatial quality of the two-dimensional planes, the intersections of the road and the predominance of commercial use. The results allowed a reflection the way architects and planners are planning and building our cities, and how small changes in municipal legislation can positively interfere with the spatial quality of the pedestrian environment. The presented instrument aims to allow municipal managers to identify the urban problems, in an accurately way, associated with pedestrian space, proposing and implementing short and medium term approaches to improve the spatial quality of this environment.
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Palavras-chave
Qualidade espacial, Pedestres, Elementos morfológicos, Desempenho topoceptivo, Spacial quality, Pedestrians, Morphological elements, Topoceptive performance