Liberação de nutrientes de carvão hidrotérmico em latossolo e argissolo: comparação com solos antropogênicos amazônicos
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Data
2019-04-29
Autores
Raimundo, Ariane Maziero Santana
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A grande expansão do setor sucroalcooleiro tem ocasionado o aumento da geração de subprodutos industriais como a vinhaça e o bagaço-de-cana. A busca por novas alternativas que minimizam o impacto ambiental desses resíduos foi proposta com uso do processo de carbonização hidrotérmica, que é capaz de converter termicamente a biomassa úmida em um material sólido denominado carvão hidrotérmico (CH). Este material é rico em carbono, apresenta elevada capacidade de retenção de água e apresenta potencial promissor para ser empregado como condicionante do solo. Neste trabalho, foram aplicadas quatro taxas (1,0, 2,5, 5,0 e, 10,0% m/m) de carvão hidrotérmico lavado (CHL) e uma (10,0%) de carvão hidrotérmico sem lavar (CHSL) em colunas de areia, argissolo e latossolo e avaliada a liberação e a retenção de NO3-, ortofosfato (P), SO42-, COT, macro e micronutrientes nas colunas de solos durante 30 dias. O uso de colunas de areia como referência indicou o potencial do CH na liberação de nutrientes. Os resultados também foram comparados com a liberação desses nutrientes para colunas contendo solos antropogênicos amazônicos. A aplicação de CHSL proporcionou a diminuição do pH no lixiviado, sendo observado maiores concentrações de COT, SO42-, NO3- Ca, Mg, K e Mn nos lixiviados, e incorporação de P, Cu, Fe, Zn, Al e Na no solo em colunas de latossolo e argissolo. Para aplicação de CHL, ocorreu oscilação nos valores de pH em até 0,5 unidades para colunas de areia, argissolo e latossolo. Para as colunas de latossolo e argissolo foram observados nos lixiviados, aumento de concentração de COT e SO42-para as maiores taxas (2,5, 5,0 e 10,0%) e para os nutrientes Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn e Na nas taxas de 1,0 e 2,5%. Além disso, proporcionou a incorporação de P, Fe e Cu no solo em relação aos demais nutrientes. Solos antropogênicos apresentaram menores liberações de nutrientes, sendo que estas concentrações apresentaram valores constantes ou o sistema atingiu o equilíbrio ao final de 30 dias de experimento. O CH mostrou ter potencial como condicionador de solo, proporcionando a incorporação de nutrientes essenciais para o desenvolvimento de plantas e por ser uma estratégia para diminuir problemas de lixiviação de nutrientes (P, NO3-, Cu, Al, Zn), como também reduzir o uso de fertilizantes. Estes resultados desta Tese sugerem que é possível ajustar a dose de aplicação de CH em função do tipo de solo e da cultura a ser plantada.
The great expansion of the sugar and ethanol industry has led to an increase in the generation of industrial by-products such as vinasse and sugarcane bagasse. The search for new alternatives that minimize the environmental impact of these residues was proposed using the hydrothermal carbonization process, which is able to thermally convert the wet biomass to a solid material called hydrochar. This material is rich in carbon, has a high water retention capacity and presents promising potential to be used as soil conditioner. In this work, were applied four rates (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% w/w) of washed hydrochar (HW) and one (10.0%) of hydrochar without washing( HWW) in columns of sandy, ultisol and oxisol and evaluated the release and retention of NO3-, orthophosphate (P), SO42-, TOC and macro and micronutrients in soil colmns for 30 days. The use of sand columns as a reference indicated the potential of hydrochar in nutrient release. The results were also compared with the release of these nutrients to columns containing Amazonian anthropogenic soils. The application of HWW provided a lower pH of the leachate, with higher concentrations of COT, SO42-, NO3- Ca, Mg, K and Mn in the leachates, and incorporation of P, Cu, Fe, Zn, Al and Na in the soil in columns of oxisol and ultisol. For HW application, oscillation occurred in pH values up to 0.5 units for sand, oxisol and ultisol columns. For the ultisol and oxisol columns, the concentrations of COT and SO42- were higher in the leachate, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0%, and for the nutrients Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn and Na at rates of 1.0 and 2.5%. In addition, it provided incorporation of P, Fe and Cu in the soil in relation to the other nutrients. Amazonian anthropogenic soils presented lower releases of nutrients, and these concentrations had constant values or the system reached equilibrium at the end of 30 days of experiment. The hydrochar showed potential as a soil conditioner, providing the incorporation of essential nutrients for the development of plants and for being a strategy to reduce nutrient leaching problems (P, NO3-, Cu, Al, Zn), as well as reduce use of fertilizers. These results from this thesis suggest that it is possible to adjust the application rate of hydrochar depending on the type of soil and the crop to be planted.
The great expansion of the sugar and ethanol industry has led to an increase in the generation of industrial by-products such as vinasse and sugarcane bagasse. The search for new alternatives that minimize the environmental impact of these residues was proposed using the hydrothermal carbonization process, which is able to thermally convert the wet biomass to a solid material called hydrochar. This material is rich in carbon, has a high water retention capacity and presents promising potential to be used as soil conditioner. In this work, were applied four rates (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% w/w) of washed hydrochar (HW) and one (10.0%) of hydrochar without washing( HWW) in columns of sandy, ultisol and oxisol and evaluated the release and retention of NO3-, orthophosphate (P), SO42-, TOC and macro and micronutrients in soil colmns for 30 days. The use of sand columns as a reference indicated the potential of hydrochar in nutrient release. The results were also compared with the release of these nutrients to columns containing Amazonian anthropogenic soils. The application of HWW provided a lower pH of the leachate, with higher concentrations of COT, SO42-, NO3- Ca, Mg, K and Mn in the leachates, and incorporation of P, Cu, Fe, Zn, Al and Na in the soil in columns of oxisol and ultisol. For HW application, oscillation occurred in pH values up to 0.5 units for sand, oxisol and ultisol columns. For the ultisol and oxisol columns, the concentrations of COT and SO42- were higher in the leachate, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0%, and for the nutrients Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn and Na at rates of 1.0 and 2.5%. In addition, it provided incorporation of P, Fe and Cu in the soil in relation to the other nutrients. Amazonian anthropogenic soils presented lower releases of nutrients, and these concentrations had constant values or the system reached equilibrium at the end of 30 days of experiment. The hydrochar showed potential as a soil conditioner, providing the incorporation of essential nutrients for the development of plants and for being a strategy to reduce nutrient leaching problems (P, NO3-, Cu, Al, Zn), as well as reduce use of fertilizers. These results from this thesis suggest that it is possible to adjust the application rate of hydrochar depending on the type of soil and the crop to be planted.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Carvão hidrotérmico, Coluna de solo, Terra preta de índio e terra mulata, Subprodutos da cana-de-açúcar, Carbonização hidrotérmica, Hydrochar, Soil columns, Terra preta de índio and terra mulata, Sugarcane by-products, Hydrothermal carbonization