Desenvolvimento de sistema agroecológico de cultivo e organização de cadeia produtiva de Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., com comunidades do entorno de Belém, Amazônia Paraense
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Data
2019-04-26
Autores
Oliveira, Daniel Henrique
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A Amazônia é um mundo vasto na área de aromas, e os povos da floresta, por sua condição de isolamento, procuram alternativas produtivas mais naturais. Pataqueira Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., família Plantaginaceae Juss, é umas destas plantas. O óleo essencial da pataqueira possui boas perspectivas na indústria de fragrâncias, contudo, a sua exploração econômica ainda não é uma realidade devido à sua dificuldade de cultivo. Por se tratar de espécie nativa, com uso tradicional por comunidades, tais sistemas de propagação e produção, baseados em utilização de insumos químicos sintéticos, demanda de altos investimentos e grande complexidade técnica, são pouco acessíveis aos grupos e agricultores que culturalmente se relacionam com esta espécie, além de não serem sistemas ecológicos de produção. O objetivo do presente estudo é desenvolver um protocolo de cultivo para pataqueira (Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., de forma conjunta com um grupo de agricultores tradicionais de comunidades do entorno de Belém (PA), assim como estabelecer a cadeia produtiva comercial desta planta, para produção e comercialização da indústria de cosméticos. Para realização dos estudos e do desenvolvimento do sistema de cultivo da pataqueira, foram escolhidas duas comunidades rurais, grupos já realizavam cultivo e coleta de outras espécies aromáticas. Considerando o objeto do estudo, a metodologia utilizada foi “pesquisa ação”, a qual possibilita a coleta e compilação de informações e conhecimentos das comunidades nativas, bem como a construção coletiva de um protocolo de cultivo da planta a partir da relação entre pesquisadores e produtores locais, os quais possuem relação direta com a espécie em questão. Inicialmente realizou-se o levantamento histórico da produção, seguidas de visitas de campo ao ambiente natural da planta, produção experimental, consolidação dos resultados, elaboração do manual de boas práticas de cultivo e, por fim, o cultivo piloto baseando no manual. Os resultados mostram que o processo de produção através das estacas colocadas diretamente nos canteiros apresentou grande potencial, principalmente quando utilizas partes apicais da planta, com utilização de sombrite nos primeiros 15 dias, para proteção do forte sol, altas temperaturas e chuvas, em detrimento dos canteiros rebaixados. Notadamente, as áreas mais ricas em matéria orgânica, bem como as áreas que receberam maiores doses de adubação, foram também as mais produtivas. E ainda, tanto na avaliação de técnicos quanto dos agricultores, a produção em canteiros elevados foi mais eficiente. Verificou-se ainda que a pataqueira é uma espécie que responde bem aos tratos culturais, a produtividade foi tão maior quanto mais intensas as adubações, capinas, entrada e saída de sombrite, irrigação adicional e colheita no memento de plena floração. No sistema proposto, o ciclo da planta passou de 6 para 3 meses, seu rendimento de óleo essencial aumentou em 60%, todas as práticas e técnicas utilizadas são de baixo custo, baixa complexidade, acessíveis e replicáveis pelos próprios agricultores, já que foram construídas e definidas pelas comunidades em interação com os técnicos.
The Amazon is a vast world in the field of aromas, and the forest peoples, because of their isolation, seek natural alternatives. Pataqueira Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., Family Plantaginaceae Juss, is one of these plants. The essential oil of pataqueira has good prospects in the industry of fragrances, however, its economic exploitation is not yet a reality due to its difficulty of cultivation. Because they are native species with traditional use by communities, such propagation and production systems, based on the use of synthetic chemical inputs, demand for high investments and great technical complexity, are scarcely accessible to groups and farmers who culturally relate to this species, as well as not being ecological systems of production. The objective of the present study is to develop a protocol for the cultivation of pataqueira (Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. Together with a group of traditional farmers from communities around Belém (PA) commercial production of this plant, for the production and commercialization of the cosmetics industry. To carry out the studies and development of the system of cultivation of the pataqueira, two rural communities were chosen, the groups were already cultivating and collecting other aromatic species. The methodology used was 'action research', which enables the collection and compilation of information and knowledge of the native communities, as well as the collective construction of a plant cultivation protocol based on the relationship between researchers and local producers, who have direct relationship with the species in question. Initially was carried out a historic research of the production, followed by field visits to the natural environment of the plant, experimental production, consolidation of results, preparation of the handbook of good cultivation practices and, finally, pilot cultivation based on the handbook. The results show that the production process through the cuttings placed directly in the beds presented great potential, especially when using apical parts of the plant, using sombrite in the first 15 days, to protect the strong sun, high temperatures and rains, to the detriment of raised beds. Notably, the areas richest in organic matter, as well as the areas that received higher doses of fertilization, were also the most productive. In addition, in the evaluation of technicians as well as of the farmers, the production in raised beds was more efficient. It was also verified that the pataqueira is a species that responds well to the cultural treatments, the productivity was greater the more intense the fertilization, weeding, entrance and exit of sombrite, additional irrigation and harvest at the time of full bloom. In the proposed system, the plant cycle increased from 6 to 3 months, its essential oil yield increased by 60%, all practices and techniques used are low cost, low complexity, accessible and replicable by the farmers themselves, since they were built and defined by the communities in interaction with the technicians.
The Amazon is a vast world in the field of aromas, and the forest peoples, because of their isolation, seek natural alternatives. Pataqueira Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., Family Plantaginaceae Juss, is one of these plants. The essential oil of pataqueira has good prospects in the industry of fragrances, however, its economic exploitation is not yet a reality due to its difficulty of cultivation. Because they are native species with traditional use by communities, such propagation and production systems, based on the use of synthetic chemical inputs, demand for high investments and great technical complexity, are scarcely accessible to groups and farmers who culturally relate to this species, as well as not being ecological systems of production. The objective of the present study is to develop a protocol for the cultivation of pataqueira (Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. Together with a group of traditional farmers from communities around Belém (PA) commercial production of this plant, for the production and commercialization of the cosmetics industry. To carry out the studies and development of the system of cultivation of the pataqueira, two rural communities were chosen, the groups were already cultivating and collecting other aromatic species. The methodology used was 'action research', which enables the collection and compilation of information and knowledge of the native communities, as well as the collective construction of a plant cultivation protocol based on the relationship between researchers and local producers, who have direct relationship with the species in question. Initially was carried out a historic research of the production, followed by field visits to the natural environment of the plant, experimental production, consolidation of results, preparation of the handbook of good cultivation practices and, finally, pilot cultivation based on the handbook. The results show that the production process through the cuttings placed directly in the beds presented great potential, especially when using apical parts of the plant, using sombrite in the first 15 days, to protect the strong sun, high temperatures and rains, to the detriment of raised beds. Notably, the areas richest in organic matter, as well as the areas that received higher doses of fertilization, were also the most productive. In addition, in the evaluation of technicians as well as of the farmers, the production in raised beds was more efficient. It was also verified that the pataqueira is a species that responds well to the cultural treatments, the productivity was greater the more intense the fertilization, weeding, entrance and exit of sombrite, additional irrigation and harvest at the time of full bloom. In the proposed system, the plant cycle increased from 6 to 3 months, its essential oil yield increased by 60%, all practices and techniques used are low cost, low complexity, accessible and replicable by the farmers themselves, since they were built and defined by the communities in interaction with the technicians.
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Palavras-chave
Pataqueira, Sistemas agroecológicos de cultivo, Experimentação participativa, Agroecological cultivation systems, Participatory organization