A família Bacillariaceae (Bacillariophyceae) no estado de São Paulo: levantamento florístico
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Data
2019-07-15
Autores
Lehmkuhl, Elton Augusto
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O estudo objetivou o inventário taxonômico dos gêneros, espécies e variedades taxonômicas da família Bacillariaceae presentes no Estado de São Paulo. A família Bacillariaceae compreende as diatomáceas com fíbulas na região interna da valva e frústula longilínea dos tipos fusiforme ou mais ou menos alongado, linear, lanceolado assimétrico, sigmoide, panduriforme ou elíptico. As estrias são lineares, uni ou bisseriadas e paralelas entre si na maioria das espécies. Os polos podem ser rostrados, capitados, obtusos, apiculados ou arredondados. A família é constituída por 18 gêneros que podem ocorrer em ambientes marinhos, estuarinos ou de água doce, sendo Nitzschia Hassal o mais especioso de todos. No Estado de São Paulo foram realizados estudos de cunho ecológico para os quais foram identificados 17 táxons em nível infragenérico e outros 13 em nível gênero. Entretanto, nenhum estudo sobre a taxonomia das Bacillariaceae foi realizado no Estado. O presente estudo contribui para o levantamento florístico das diatomáceas do Estado de São Paulo e serve de molde para realização de estudos congêneres em outros estados brasileiros. As análises foram realizadas utilizando amostras depositadas no Herbário Científico do Estado “Maria Eneyda P. Kauffmann Fidalgo” (SP) do Instituto de Botânica. Estas amostras vêm sendo coletadas desde 1960 e representam a essência da pesquisa. O plâncton foi coletado pelo arrasto subsuperficial de rede cônica confeccionada com tecido de náilon com malha de abertura de 20 μm. O perifíton foi amostrado pelo espremido manual de vegetais submersos e/ou coleta de plantas inteiras para posterior raspagem em laboratório. Houve também raspagem de rochas submersas usando canivete ou lâmina de barbear. Amostras provenientes do sedimento superificial (± 2 cm superficiais) também foram obtidas. Todas as amostras foram coletadas em duplicata e fixadas no momento da coleta utilizando solução aquosa de formalina a 3-5%; e os dados pertinentes à coleta registrados (localidade da coleta, nome do coletor e data da coleta). Utilizou-se o método de oxidação de Hasle e Fryxell e Naphrax como meio de inclusão para o preparo das lâminas permanentes do material de estudo. A identificação foi realizada a partir da análise de populações, sempre ao menor nível taxonômico possível, utilizando trabalhos clássicos e atualizados que contivessem descrições e/ou imagens dos táxons da família em foco. Os materiais identificados foram registrados em fotografia através de microscópio óptico equipado com câmera-clara digital e têm sua descrição detalhada e obtida a variação métrica. Das 219 amostras analizadas, foram inventariadas 41 espécies pertencentes à família Bacillariaceae, sendo que dos 4 gêneros identificados, Nitzschia foi o que apresentou a maior quantidade de táxons (31), seguido por Tryblionella e Hantzschia com três espécies cada e Grunowia com duas espécies. Novos registros para o Estado de São Paulo somam 15 e são: Grunowia tabellaria (Grunow) Rabenhorst, Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W.Smith, Nitzschia acidoclinata Lange-Bertalot, Nitzschia clausii Hantzsch, Nitzschia reversa W.Smith, Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Rabenhorst, Nitzschia intermedia Hantzsch, Nitzschia ligowskii Lange-Bertalot, Kociolek & Brzezinska, Nitzschia nana Grunow, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W.Smith var. tenuirostris Grunow, Nitzschia pseudofonticola Hustedt, Nitzschia subacicularis Hustedt, Tryblionella coarctata (Grunow) D.G.Mann, Tryblionella debilis Arnott ex O’Meara e Tryblionella victoriae Grunow. O novos registros para o Brasil somam dois: Grunowia solgensis (A.Cleve) Aboal e Nitzschia umbonata (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot. Para o gênero Hantzschia foi possível identificar dois materiais ao nível gênero e o mesmo aconteceu para dois materiais do gênero Nitzschia. Foram registradas duas espécies novas para a ciência, Nitzschia australodesertorum Lehmkuhl, T.Ludwig & C.Bicudo e Nitzschia pusilluhasta Lehmkuhl & C.Bicudo. Será proposta uma emenda taxonômica e um neótipo para Nitzschia amphibia Grunow. Nitzschia palea foi a espécies mais frequente, ocorrendo em 135 unidades amostrais. Apenas cinco amostras não apresentaram exemplares da família Bacillariaceae. Estão disponíveis neste trabalho o total de 40 pranchas contendo 1073 figuras de diatomáceas representantes da família Bacillariaceae.
Study aimed at surveying the Bacillariaceae, including genera, species and varieties, occurring in the state São Paulo. The Bacillariaceae family comprises diatoms with fibulae in the internal region of the valve. The frustule may show various shapes as follows: short or long, straight, asymmetric lanceolate, panduriform and elliptic. Striae are uni or biseriate and parallel in most species. Valve ends may be rostrate, capitate, cuneate, obtuse, apiculate, and rounded. The family comprises 18 genera that may occur in marine, estuarine and freshwater environments. Nitzschia Hassal is the most specious genus. São Paulo state Bacillariaceae studies were mostly conducted with an ecological approach, identifying 17 taxa at infrageneric and 13 at generic level. Regrettably, no surveys were carried out aiming at the Bacillariceae floristics for that territory. Present study will improve the diatoms survey for the state São Paulo, and will provide a template for other Brazilian states. Analyses were made using samples deposited at the “Maria Eneida P. Kauffmann Fidalgo” Herbarium that belongs to the Botanical Institute of São Paulo. These samples have been collected since 1960 and represent the core of this research. Plankton samples were collected using subsurface towings with a conic 20 μm mesh nylon net. Periphyton was sampled by squeezing submerged plants and/or collecting whole submerged plants for later scraping at the laboratory. Rocks were also scraped using knives or razor blades. Samples were obtained from shallow sediment too (c. 2 cm superficial). All samples were collected in duplicate and immediately fixed after collection using 3-5% formalin; all relevant data were recorded ‘in situ’ at the same time of collection (collector name, date and place of sample collection). The material was oxidized using Fryxel & Hasle method and Naphrax as the mounting medium. Identification was conducted to the smallest taxonomic level possible using population analyses whenever possible and consulting with classical and actualized bibliography containing descriptions and/or figures of taxa of the family studied. All taxa were illustrated with photomicrographs through an optical microscope equipped with a digital camera, and had a detailed description and its metric variation provided. A total of 219 samples were analyzed, and 41 species belonging to the family Bacillariaceae inventoried. From the four genera identified, Nitzschia included the largest number of taxa (31), followed by Tryblionella and Hantzschia with three species each, and Grunowia with two species. New records for the state São Paulo add up to 15: Grunowia tabellaria (Grunow) Rabenhorst, Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W.Smith, Nitzschia acidoclinata Lange-Bertalot, Nitzschia clausii Hantzsch, Nitzschia reversa W.Smith, Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Rabenhorst, Nitzschia intermedia Hantzsch, Nitzschia ligowskii Lange-Bertalot, Kociolek & Brzezinska, Nitzschia nana Grunow, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W.Smith var. tenuirostris Grunow, Nitzschia pseudofonticola Hustedt, Nitzschia subacicularis Hustedt, Tryblionella coarctata (Grunow) D.G.Mann, Tryblionella debilis Arnott ex O’Meara and Tryblionella victoriae Grunow. Two new records for Brazil were presented: Grunowia solgensis (A.Cleve) Aboal and Nitzschia umbonata (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot. Two Hantzschia and Nitzchia materials were identified just to the genus level. Two new species were presently recorded for science, Nitzschia australodesertorum Lehmkuhl, T.Ludwig & C.Bicudo and Nitzschia pusilluhasta Lehmkuhl & C.Bicudo. A taxonomic amendment and the neotype for Nitzschia amphibia Grunow will be provided. Nitzschia palea was the most frequent species in the state São Paulo occurring in 135 sample units. Only five sample units did not included specimens of the Bacillariaceae family. A total of 40 plates and 1073 diatom illustrations of representative specimens of the Bacillariaceae family are presently made available.
Study aimed at surveying the Bacillariaceae, including genera, species and varieties, occurring in the state São Paulo. The Bacillariaceae family comprises diatoms with fibulae in the internal region of the valve. The frustule may show various shapes as follows: short or long, straight, asymmetric lanceolate, panduriform and elliptic. Striae are uni or biseriate and parallel in most species. Valve ends may be rostrate, capitate, cuneate, obtuse, apiculate, and rounded. The family comprises 18 genera that may occur in marine, estuarine and freshwater environments. Nitzschia Hassal is the most specious genus. São Paulo state Bacillariaceae studies were mostly conducted with an ecological approach, identifying 17 taxa at infrageneric and 13 at generic level. Regrettably, no surveys were carried out aiming at the Bacillariceae floristics for that territory. Present study will improve the diatoms survey for the state São Paulo, and will provide a template for other Brazilian states. Analyses were made using samples deposited at the “Maria Eneida P. Kauffmann Fidalgo” Herbarium that belongs to the Botanical Institute of São Paulo. These samples have been collected since 1960 and represent the core of this research. Plankton samples were collected using subsurface towings with a conic 20 μm mesh nylon net. Periphyton was sampled by squeezing submerged plants and/or collecting whole submerged plants for later scraping at the laboratory. Rocks were also scraped using knives or razor blades. Samples were obtained from shallow sediment too (c. 2 cm superficial). All samples were collected in duplicate and immediately fixed after collection using 3-5% formalin; all relevant data were recorded ‘in situ’ at the same time of collection (collector name, date and place of sample collection). The material was oxidized using Fryxel & Hasle method and Naphrax as the mounting medium. Identification was conducted to the smallest taxonomic level possible using population analyses whenever possible and consulting with classical and actualized bibliography containing descriptions and/or figures of taxa of the family studied. All taxa were illustrated with photomicrographs through an optical microscope equipped with a digital camera, and had a detailed description and its metric variation provided. A total of 219 samples were analyzed, and 41 species belonging to the family Bacillariaceae inventoried. From the four genera identified, Nitzschia included the largest number of taxa (31), followed by Tryblionella and Hantzschia with three species each, and Grunowia with two species. New records for the state São Paulo add up to 15: Grunowia tabellaria (Grunow) Rabenhorst, Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W.Smith, Nitzschia acidoclinata Lange-Bertalot, Nitzschia clausii Hantzsch, Nitzschia reversa W.Smith, Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Rabenhorst, Nitzschia intermedia Hantzsch, Nitzschia ligowskii Lange-Bertalot, Kociolek & Brzezinska, Nitzschia nana Grunow, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W.Smith var. tenuirostris Grunow, Nitzschia pseudofonticola Hustedt, Nitzschia subacicularis Hustedt, Tryblionella coarctata (Grunow) D.G.Mann, Tryblionella debilis Arnott ex O’Meara and Tryblionella victoriae Grunow. Two new records for Brazil were presented: Grunowia solgensis (A.Cleve) Aboal and Nitzschia umbonata (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot. Two Hantzschia and Nitzchia materials were identified just to the genus level. Two new species were presently recorded for science, Nitzschia australodesertorum Lehmkuhl, T.Ludwig & C.Bicudo and Nitzschia pusilluhasta Lehmkuhl & C.Bicudo. A taxonomic amendment and the neotype for Nitzschia amphibia Grunow will be provided. Nitzschia palea was the most frequent species in the state São Paulo occurring in 135 sample units. Only five sample units did not included specimens of the Bacillariaceae family. A total of 40 plates and 1073 diatom illustrations of representative specimens of the Bacillariaceae family are presently made available.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Diatomáceas, Taxonomia, Ficoflora, Água doce, Algas, Diatoms, Taxonomy, Freshwater, Algae