Avifauna aquática do complexo estuarino de Santos-Cubatão: diversidade, riqueza, composição e status de conservação
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Data
2019-09-03
Autores
Andreu, Carolina Toledo
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O complexo estuarino de Santos-Cubatão no litoral centro do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, local de extrema importância para a biodiversidade, encontra-se contraditoriamente pressionado pelas atividades antrópicas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo levantar, descrever e analisar quali-quantitativamente a assembleia de avifauna aquática que habita e se utiliza desta região, além de fornecer uma análise de seu status de conservação e indicar espécies com potencial bioindicador para a qualidade do ambiente. Para tal, foi feito um levantamento de dados secundários, provenientes dos âmbitos de Ciência-Cidadã, Licenciamento Ambiental e Pesquisa Científica. Em paralelo, foram coletados dados in situ a partir de dez campanhas mensais (novembro de 2018 a agosto de 2019), pelo método de censo visual por rota aquática na região estuarina dos municípios de Santos e Cubatão. Os dados secundários indicaram um total de 17 trabalhos realizados ao longo de um período de 20 anos, contribuindo com uma listagem de 135 espécies de avifauna aquática distribuídas em 33 famílias e 11 ordens. Apesar da maior contribuição das informações ser proveniente da Pesquisa Científica (117 espécies sendo 22 exclusivas), ressaltou-se a relevância dos dados oriundos da Ciência-Cidadã (108 espécies e 12 exclusivas), possibilitando informações relevantes para estudos relacionados à distribuição, conservação e movimentos migratórios. Ainda que em menor parcela (69 espécies e apenas uma exclusiva), os dados provenientes do Licenciamento Ambiental viabilizam informações sobre o grupo estudado em áreas pouco exploradas ou restritas à Pesquisa Científica. Assim, se propôs um modelo de banco de dados unificado entre os três âmbitos, com parceria entre órgãos ambientais, universidades, ONGs e instituições. Tal ferramenta viabilizaria uma análise ampla pertinente para tomada de decisões relacionadas à definição de áreas prioritárias para a conservação, e nas revisões de listas de ameaça de extinção das espécies de avifauna aquática com ocorrência na região. Quanto aos dados levantados em campo, foram encontradas 39 espécies de aves aquáticas, distribuídas em 20 famílias e nove ordens. Destas, cinco estão ameaçadas de extinção para o estado de São Paulo (Nyctanassa violacea, Eudocimus ruber, Aramides cajaneus, Thalasseus acuflavidus e Thalasseus maximus) sendo a última também ameaçada nacionalmente. Seis espécies são classificadas com alto grau de sensibilidade às degradações ambientais (Fregata magnificens, Sula leucogaster, Aramides cajaneus, Thalasseus acuflavidus, Thalasseus maximus e Rynchops niger); e outras cinco realizam movimentos migratórios estritos (Actitis macularius, Charadrius semipalmatus, Pandion haliaetus, Tringa flavipes e Tringa melanoleuca). Ressalta-se o registro de um grupo de Netta peposaca, espécie visitante sazonal oriunda de áreas a Oeste do território brasileiro com poucas informações na literatura. Por fim, a partir da avaliação proposta, três espécies (Eudocimus ruber, Rynchops niger e Thalasseus maximus) foram indicadas com potencial bioindicador da qualidade do complexo estuarino de Santos-Cubatão. Assim, ressalta-se a importância destas espécies para auxiliar em estudos futuros, bem como a necessidade da continuidade da pesquisa na região, de maneira a planejar propostas de mitigação para possíveis efeitos negativos sobre tais populações.
The Santos-Cubatão estuarine complex on the central coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, a site of extreme importance for biodiversity, is contradictorily under pressure from anthropic activities. This study aimed to reserch, describe and analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the water birds assembly that inhabits and uses this region, besides providing an analysis of its conservation status and indicating species with bioindicative potential for the quality of this environment. To this end, a secondary data analysis from the databases of Citizen Science, Environmental Compliance Services and Scientific Research was conducted. At the same time, in situ data were collected from ten monthly campaigns (November 2018 to August 2019) by the visual census method by water route in the estuarine region of the municipalities of Santos and Cubatão. From the secondary data survey, a total of 17 studies over a 20-year period were obtained, contributing to a list of 135 water birds species distributed in 33 families and 11 orders. Despite the major contributions of the information come from the Scientific Research (117 species and 22 exclusive), the relevance of the data from the Citizen Science (108 species and 12 exclusive) was highlighted, providing relevant information for studies related to distribution, conservation and migratory movements. Although in a minor proportion (69 species and only one exclusive), data from the Environmental Compliance Services provide information about the group studied in areas not much explored or restricted to Scientific Research. Therefore, the present study proposed a unified database model between the three parts, with partnership between environmental agencies, universities, NGO and relevant institutions. Such a tool would enable a broad analysis pertinent in decision-making related to the definition of priority areas for conservation and revisions of endangered species lists of water birds occurring in the region. Regarding the data collected in the field, 39 water birds species were found, distributed in 20 families and nine orders. Of these, five are threatened with extinction in the state of São Paulo (Nyctanassa violacea, Eudocimus ruber, Aramides cajaneus, Thalasseus acuflavidus and Thalasseus maximus), the last one also being threatened nationally. Six species are classified as highly sensitive to environmental degradation (Fregata magnificens, Sula leucogaster, Aramides cajaneus, Thalasseus acuflavidus, Thalasseus maximus and Rynchops niger); and five others perform strict migratory movements (Actitis macularius, Charadrius semipalmatus, Pandion haliaetus, Tringa flavipes and Tringa melanoleuca). It is noteworthy the register of a group of Netta peposaca, a seasonal visiting species from areas west of the Brazilian territory with a few information in the literature. Finally, from the proposed evaluation, three species (Eudocimus ruber, Rynchops niger and Thalasseus maximus) were indicated with bioindicative potential of the quality of the Santos-Cubatão estuarine complex. Thus, it is emphasized the importance of these species to assist in future studies, as well as the need for further research in the region, in order to promote mitigation proposals for possible negative effects on such populations.
The Santos-Cubatão estuarine complex on the central coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, a site of extreme importance for biodiversity, is contradictorily under pressure from anthropic activities. This study aimed to reserch, describe and analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the water birds assembly that inhabits and uses this region, besides providing an analysis of its conservation status and indicating species with bioindicative potential for the quality of this environment. To this end, a secondary data analysis from the databases of Citizen Science, Environmental Compliance Services and Scientific Research was conducted. At the same time, in situ data were collected from ten monthly campaigns (November 2018 to August 2019) by the visual census method by water route in the estuarine region of the municipalities of Santos and Cubatão. From the secondary data survey, a total of 17 studies over a 20-year period were obtained, contributing to a list of 135 water birds species distributed in 33 families and 11 orders. Despite the major contributions of the information come from the Scientific Research (117 species and 22 exclusive), the relevance of the data from the Citizen Science (108 species and 12 exclusive) was highlighted, providing relevant information for studies related to distribution, conservation and migratory movements. Although in a minor proportion (69 species and only one exclusive), data from the Environmental Compliance Services provide information about the group studied in areas not much explored or restricted to Scientific Research. Therefore, the present study proposed a unified database model between the three parts, with partnership between environmental agencies, universities, NGO and relevant institutions. Such a tool would enable a broad analysis pertinent in decision-making related to the definition of priority areas for conservation and revisions of endangered species lists of water birds occurring in the region. Regarding the data collected in the field, 39 water birds species were found, distributed in 20 families and nine orders. Of these, five are threatened with extinction in the state of São Paulo (Nyctanassa violacea, Eudocimus ruber, Aramides cajaneus, Thalasseus acuflavidus and Thalasseus maximus), the last one also being threatened nationally. Six species are classified as highly sensitive to environmental degradation (Fregata magnificens, Sula leucogaster, Aramides cajaneus, Thalasseus acuflavidus, Thalasseus maximus and Rynchops niger); and five others perform strict migratory movements (Actitis macularius, Charadrius semipalmatus, Pandion haliaetus, Tringa flavipes and Tringa melanoleuca). It is noteworthy the register of a group of Netta peposaca, a seasonal visiting species from areas west of the Brazilian territory with a few information in the literature. Finally, from the proposed evaluation, three species (Eudocimus ruber, Rynchops niger and Thalasseus maximus) were indicated with bioindicative potential of the quality of the Santos-Cubatão estuarine complex. Thus, it is emphasized the importance of these species to assist in future studies, as well as the need for further research in the region, in order to promote mitigation proposals for possible negative effects on such populations.
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Palavras-chave
estuário de Santos-Cubatão, avifauna aquática, assembleia, espécies bioindicadoras, Santos-Cubatão estuary, water birds, assembly, bioindicative species