Transparência e opacidade nas línguas indígenas da família Naduhup
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Data
2019-08-29
Autores
Paula, Danytiele Cristina Fernandes de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A proposta principal deste trabalho foi investigar as relações de transparência e opacidade nas línguas indígenas da família Naduhup por meio de distintos fenômenos, como aposição, referência cruzada, acordo oracional etc., tomados como parâmetros para o estudo da transparência sob o aparato teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, desenvolvida por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Dessa forma, não apenas se assume uma perspectiva funcional, mas também uma nova abordagem desse fenômeno a partir do escopo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, que, graças à sua organização descendente de camadas, permite a definição da transparência considerando o alinhamento entre e dentro dos níveis de análise da teoria, o que representa uma inovação do conceito – tradicionalmente concebido como a relação entre forma e significado. A hipótese fundamental do trabalho é a de que as línguas de uma mesma família compartilham traços transparentes e/ou opacos de tal modo que se pode definir as características linguísticas fundamentais de uma família com base nesse compartilhamento. Desse modo, o objetivo geral consiste em averiguar como ocorre o compartilhamento dos traços de transparência/opacidade nas línguas da família Naduhup. Para tanto, utilizamos como corpus de análise quatro línguas indígenas – dâw, hup, yuhup e nadëb – descritas em gramáticas e teses constituindo uma amostra representativa da família Naduhup. As análises das línguas foram realizadas a partir dos critérios de opacidade definidos em Hengeveld (2011), Leufkens (2015) e Hengeveld e Leufkens (2018), afim de determinar as propriedades que são compartilhadas entre as línguas. Os resultados corroboram o pressuposto de que há compartilhamento de traços transparentes e opacos de modo que é possível definir as características das línguas que são parte da família e prever a presença de determinado fenômeno em uma língua a partir da observação desse fenômeno nas demais línguas da família. Dentre as características importantes observadas nas línguas da família Naduhup, destacamos, por exemplo, o sistema de negação composto por diferentes estratégias que atuam em distintas camadas dos níveis Interpessoal e Representacional; a ausência de marcação de gênero e de conjugação verbal; e o alinhamento semântico que caracteriza tais línguas como ativas, isto é, línguas que marcam a distinção entre argumentos Ativo e não-ativo (Inativo e Locativo). Desse modo, é possível alcançar uma caracterização geral sistemática das línguas indígenas da família Naduhup em termos dos traços de transparência/opacidade que mostra as relações que se estabelecem entre essas línguas e que também contribui para sua divulgação, bem como para estudos posteriores. Em âmbito maior, os resultados contribuem para o desenvolvimento da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional na medida em testa a hierarquia implicacional definida por Hengeveld (2011), Leufkens (2015) e Hengeveld e Leufkens (2018) para a ocorrência de traços transparentes nas línguas do mundo. Ademais, considerando a escassez de materiais a respeito das línguas indígenas e as dificuldades em delimitar as línguas que pertencem ou não a determinada família, esta pesquisa representa um novo aparato para auxiliar na elaboração de materiais, na delimitação de características de famílias linguísticas e também no desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras.
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the relations of transparency and opacity in the Naduhup family's native languages through different phenomena, such as apposition, cross-reference, clause agreement, etc., taken as parameters for the study of transparency under the grammar theoretical apparatus of Functional Discourse Grammar, developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). Thus, not only is a functional perspective assumed, but also a new approach to this phenomenon from the scope of Functional Discourse Grammar, which, thanks to its descending layer organization, allows the definition of transparency considering the alignment between and within the levels of theory analysis, which represents a concept innovation - traditionally conceived as the relationship between form and meaning. The fundamental hypothesis of the paper is that the languages of the same family share transparent and/or opaque features such that the fundamental linguistic characteristics of a family can be defined based on this sharing. Thus, the overall objective is to ascertain how sharing of transparency/opacity traces occurs in the Naduhup family languages. For this, we used as corpus of analysis four indigenous languages - dâw, hup, yuhup and nadëb - described in grammars and theses constituting a representative sample of the Naduhup family. Language analyzes were performed using the opacity criteria defined in Hengeveld (2011), Leufkens (2015) and Hengeveld and Leufkens (2018), in order to determine the properties that are shared between languages. The results corroborate the assumption that there is sharing of transparent and opaque features so that it is possible to define the characteristics of the languages that are part of the family and predict the presence of a given phenomenon in one language from the observation of this phenomenon in the other languages of the family. Among the important features observed in the Naduhup family languages, we highlight, for example, the negation system composed of different strategies that act in different layers of the Interpersonal and Representational levels; the absence of gender marking and verbal conjugation; and the semantic alignment that characterizes such languages as active that is languages that mark the distinction between Actor and nonactor (Undergoer and Locative) arguments. In this way, it is possible to achieve a systematic general characterization of the Naduhup family's native languages in terms of the transparency/opacity traits that show the relationships that are established between these languages and which also contributes to their dissemination, as well as to further studies. More broadly, the results contribute to the development of Discursive-Functional Grammar by testing the implicational hierarchy defined by Hengeveld (2011), Leufkens (2015) and Hengeveld and Leufkens (2018) for the occurrence of transparent traces in world languages. Moreover, considering the scarcity of materials about native languages and the difficulties in delimiting the languages that belong or not to a certain family, this research represents a new apparatus to help in the elaboration of materials, the delimitation of language families and also in the development of future research.
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the relations of transparency and opacity in the Naduhup family's native languages through different phenomena, such as apposition, cross-reference, clause agreement, etc., taken as parameters for the study of transparency under the grammar theoretical apparatus of Functional Discourse Grammar, developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). Thus, not only is a functional perspective assumed, but also a new approach to this phenomenon from the scope of Functional Discourse Grammar, which, thanks to its descending layer organization, allows the definition of transparency considering the alignment between and within the levels of theory analysis, which represents a concept innovation - traditionally conceived as the relationship between form and meaning. The fundamental hypothesis of the paper is that the languages of the same family share transparent and/or opaque features such that the fundamental linguistic characteristics of a family can be defined based on this sharing. Thus, the overall objective is to ascertain how sharing of transparency/opacity traces occurs in the Naduhup family languages. For this, we used as corpus of analysis four indigenous languages - dâw, hup, yuhup and nadëb - described in grammars and theses constituting a representative sample of the Naduhup family. Language analyzes were performed using the opacity criteria defined in Hengeveld (2011), Leufkens (2015) and Hengeveld and Leufkens (2018), in order to determine the properties that are shared between languages. The results corroborate the assumption that there is sharing of transparent and opaque features so that it is possible to define the characteristics of the languages that are part of the family and predict the presence of a given phenomenon in one language from the observation of this phenomenon in the other languages of the family. Among the important features observed in the Naduhup family languages, we highlight, for example, the negation system composed of different strategies that act in different layers of the Interpersonal and Representational levels; the absence of gender marking and verbal conjugation; and the semantic alignment that characterizes such languages as active that is languages that mark the distinction between Actor and nonactor (Undergoer and Locative) arguments. In this way, it is possible to achieve a systematic general characterization of the Naduhup family's native languages in terms of the transparency/opacity traits that show the relationships that are established between these languages and which also contributes to their dissemination, as well as to further studies. More broadly, the results contribute to the development of Discursive-Functional Grammar by testing the implicational hierarchy defined by Hengeveld (2011), Leufkens (2015) and Hengeveld and Leufkens (2018) for the occurrence of transparent traces in world languages. Moreover, considering the scarcity of materials about native languages and the difficulties in delimiting the languages that belong or not to a certain family, this research represents a new apparatus to help in the elaboration of materials, the delimitation of language families and also in the development of future research.
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Palavras-chave
Transparência, Opacidade, Línguas indígenas, Família Naduhup, Gramática discursivo-funcional, Transparency, Opacity, Native languages, Naduhup family, Functional discourse grammar