Estado mineral ósseo entre nadadores, sedentários, idosos e atletas de esportes com alta demanda de força muscular
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Data
2019-08-30
Autores
Martins, Nilson Diogo de Souza
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O processo de modelação e remodelação óssea pela influência dos impactos mecânicos não contribui para o aumento da massa e da força óssea em esportes onde a gravidade é baixa, como em atividades aquáticas. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a massa e a densidade mineral (BMC/BMD) corporal e regional de nadadores (ambos os sexos) com outros atletas da mesma faixa etária, pessoas sedentárias e idosas. Participaram do estudo 114 indivíduos, sendo 87 do sexo masculino, divididos em seis grupos: natação (n=12), Kendo (n=10), Jiu-Jitsu (n=10), musculação (n=14), sedentários (n=30) e idosos (n=11); e 27 do sexo feminino, divididos em dois grupos: sedentárias (n=13) e nadadoras (n=14). Os participantes foram avaliados quanto à composição regional e corporal através de absorciometria de raio-X com duplo feixe (DXA), fornecendo informações sobre o conteúdo mineral ósseo (BMC) e densidade mineral óssea (BMD). As diferenças entre os grupos quanto à BMC e BMD foram analisadas pela ANOVA (uma entrada e Sidak como post-hoc) estabelecendo-se p≤0,05. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os valores de BMC do corpo todo (2442,81 ± 359,45 g), membros inferiores (MI) (909,78 ± 136,53 g), membros superiores (MS) (326,85 ± 51,61 g) e pélvis (P) (261,73 ± 49,13 g) para nadadores homens, mostraram-se diferentes do grupo de musculação (3148,29 ± 314,07 g/cm2, p<0,001; 1217,64 ± 161,08 g/cm2, p<0,001; 444,34 ± 58,82 g/cm2, p<0,001; 405,20 ± 75,06 g/cm2, p<0,001, respectivamente). Em relação aos valores de BMD do corpo todo (1,09 ± 0,07 g/cm2), MI (1,12 ± 0,07 g/cm2), MS (0,78 ± 0,04 g/cm2), P (1,07 ± 0,08 g/cm2) os nadadores também diferem do grupo de musculação (1,28 ± 0,06 g/cm2, p<0,001; 1,39 ± 0,09 g/cm2, p<0,001; 0,88 ± 0,05 g/cm2, p<0,006; 1,36 ± 0,12 g/cm2, p<0,001, respectivamente). Todavia, homens atletas de natação não diferem em qualquer medida de BMC e BMD quando comparados aos homens sedentários e idosos. A BMD de membros superiores de nadadoras (0,704 ± 0,025 g/cm²) vs. sedentárias (0,659 ± 0,051 g/cm²) mostraramse diferentes (p=0,008). Em relação à BMD de MI, nadadoras (1,007 ± 0,060 g/cm²) e sedentárias (1,043 ± 0,075 g/cm²) não apresentaram diferenças (p=0,190). Tampouco houve diferenças (p=0,167) para BMD de P entre nadadoras (1,042 ± 0,084 g/cm²) e sedentárias (1,095 ± 0,108 g/cm²), assim como BMD corporal total de nadadoras (1,065 ± 0,071 g/cm²) e sedentárias (1,040 ± 0,077 g/cm²) também não diferiu (p=0,402). Destaca-se, em consonância com a literatura, que a natação é um esporte neutro quanto aos efeitos osteogênicos, ou seja, não se distingue daqueles oriundos da maturação biológica e envelhecimento saudável do osso, mas difere-se daqueles com elevado efeito osteogênico, como a musculação. Há, no entanto, a exceção da resposta dos membros superiores entre nadadoras e sedentárias, que se caracteriza pode estar relacionado tanto à demanda da tensão muscular da própria modalidade, sendo um efeito sexo específico da natação, ou mesmo devido ao efeito balanceado das demais atividades físicas fora do ambiente aquático, que complementam o treinamento.
The process of modeling and bone remodeling by the influence of mechanical impacts does not contribute to the increase of mass and bone strength in sports where gravity is low, such as in aquatic activities. The objective of the study was to compare the body mass and mineral density (BMC/BMD) of swimmers (both sexes) with other athletes of the same age group, sedentary and elderly people. The 114 individuals, 87 males, were divided into six groups: swimming (n=12), Kendo (n=10), Jiu-Jitsu (n=10), Resistance Training (n=14), sedentary (n=30) and olders (n=11); and 27 females were divided into two groups: sedentary (n=13) and swimmers (n=14). Participants were evaluate for regional and whole-body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), providing information on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). The differences between the groups for BMC and BMD were analyzed by ANOVA (one way with Sidak as post-hoc), setting p≤0.05. The results showed that the BMC values for whole-body (2442.81 ± 359.45 g), lower limbs (LL) (909.78 ± 136.53 g), upper limbs (UL) (326.85 ± 51,61 g) and pelvis (P) (261.73 ± 49.13 g) for male swimmers were different from resistance training group (3148.29 ± 314.07, p<0.001, 1217.64 ± 161.08, p<0.001, 444.34 ± 58.82, p<0.001, 405.20 ± 75.06, p<0.001, respectively). Regarding BMD values for whole-body (1.09 ± 0.07 g/cm2), LL (1.12 ± 0.07 g/cm2), UL (0.78 ± 0.04 g/cm2), P (1.07 ± 0.08 g/cm2) male swimmers also differed from resistance training group (1.28 ± 0.06 g/cm2, p<0.001, 1.39 ± 0.09 g/cm2, p<0.001, 0.88 ± 0.05 g/cm2, p<0.006, 1.36 ± 0.12 g/cm2, p<0.001, respectively). However, male swimmers do not differ in any measure of BMC and BMD when compared to sedentary and elderly men. The BMD of UL for female swimmers (0.704 ± 0.025 g/cm²) vs. sedentary (0.659 ± 0.051 g/cm²) were different (p=0.008). In relation to BMD of LL, female swimmers (1,007 ± 0,060 g/cm²) and sedentary (1,043 ± 0,075 g/cm²) had not differences (p = 0,190). There were also no differences (p=0.167) for pelvis BMD between swimmers (1,042 ± 0,084 g/cm²) and sedentary (1,095 ± 0,108 g/cm²), as well as for whole-body BMD of swimmers (1,065 ± 0,071 g/cm²) and sedentary 1.040 ± 0.077 g/cm²) also did not differ (p=0.402). In line with the literature, it is emphasized that swimming is a sport neutral in terms of osteogenic effects, that is, it is not different from those derived from biological maturation and healthy aging of the bone, but differs from those with high osteogenic effect, such as resistance training. There is, however, the exception of upper limb response between swimmers and sedentary women, which may be related either to the demand of the muscular tension of the modality itself, being a specific sex effect of swimming, or even due to the balanced effect of the other physical conditions activities outside the aquatic environment, which complement the training.
The process of modeling and bone remodeling by the influence of mechanical impacts does not contribute to the increase of mass and bone strength in sports where gravity is low, such as in aquatic activities. The objective of the study was to compare the body mass and mineral density (BMC/BMD) of swimmers (both sexes) with other athletes of the same age group, sedentary and elderly people. The 114 individuals, 87 males, were divided into six groups: swimming (n=12), Kendo (n=10), Jiu-Jitsu (n=10), Resistance Training (n=14), sedentary (n=30) and olders (n=11); and 27 females were divided into two groups: sedentary (n=13) and swimmers (n=14). Participants were evaluate for regional and whole-body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), providing information on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). The differences between the groups for BMC and BMD were analyzed by ANOVA (one way with Sidak as post-hoc), setting p≤0.05. The results showed that the BMC values for whole-body (2442.81 ± 359.45 g), lower limbs (LL) (909.78 ± 136.53 g), upper limbs (UL) (326.85 ± 51,61 g) and pelvis (P) (261.73 ± 49.13 g) for male swimmers were different from resistance training group (3148.29 ± 314.07, p<0.001, 1217.64 ± 161.08, p<0.001, 444.34 ± 58.82, p<0.001, 405.20 ± 75.06, p<0.001, respectively). Regarding BMD values for whole-body (1.09 ± 0.07 g/cm2), LL (1.12 ± 0.07 g/cm2), UL (0.78 ± 0.04 g/cm2), P (1.07 ± 0.08 g/cm2) male swimmers also differed from resistance training group (1.28 ± 0.06 g/cm2, p<0.001, 1.39 ± 0.09 g/cm2, p<0.001, 0.88 ± 0.05 g/cm2, p<0.006, 1.36 ± 0.12 g/cm2, p<0.001, respectively). However, male swimmers do not differ in any measure of BMC and BMD when compared to sedentary and elderly men. The BMD of UL for female swimmers (0.704 ± 0.025 g/cm²) vs. sedentary (0.659 ± 0.051 g/cm²) were different (p=0.008). In relation to BMD of LL, female swimmers (1,007 ± 0,060 g/cm²) and sedentary (1,043 ± 0,075 g/cm²) had not differences (p = 0,190). There were also no differences (p=0.167) for pelvis BMD between swimmers (1,042 ± 0,084 g/cm²) and sedentary (1,095 ± 0,108 g/cm²), as well as for whole-body BMD of swimmers (1,065 ± 0,071 g/cm²) and sedentary 1.040 ± 0.077 g/cm²) also did not differ (p=0.402). In line with the literature, it is emphasized that swimming is a sport neutral in terms of osteogenic effects, that is, it is not different from those derived from biological maturation and healthy aging of the bone, but differs from those with high osteogenic effect, such as resistance training. There is, however, the exception of upper limb response between swimmers and sedentary women, which may be related either to the demand of the muscular tension of the modality itself, being a specific sex effect of swimming, or even due to the balanced effect of the other physical conditions activities outside the aquatic environment, which complement the training.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Saúde óssea, Esportes, Condição física, Idade, Sexo, Bone health, Sports, Conditioning, Age, Sex