Diferenciação dos sistemas produtivos de mandioca por meio da análise emergética em Campos Novos Paulista-SP
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Data
2019-07-30
Autores
Dias, Paulo Emilio Ferreira
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A mandioca é cultivada em grande parte do território nacional, portanto, em distintas regiões, sob diferentes sistemas de produção. Na produção de alimentos, chamada “mandioca de mesa”, é considerada uma das principais fontes de carboidratos, vitaminas e sais minerais, o que representa um aspecto importante à alimentação de populações em países pobres. Para a indústria, a mandioca assume destaque na composição de embalagens, colas, mineração, têxtil e farmacêutica e também o de alimentos embutidos, dentre outros, por meio da utilização da fécula. Devido à necessidade do desenvolvimento de sistemas produtivos sustentáveis (melhores desempenhos ambientais, econômicos e sociais), e, em razão da importância da mandioca no cenário agrícola brasileiro, este estudo teve como finalidade realizar o balanço emergético, comparando e analisando distintos sistemas produtivos de mandioca. Ademais, índices emergéticos podem ser utilizados para se ter uma correlação e interação do homem com o meio ambiente, servindo também para se avaliar como estes sistemas se comportam econômica e ecologicamente. Assim, a utilização da análise emergética permite que os custos emergéticos e benefícios sejam comparados, e desta forma, contribuem para gestão de recursos de forma sustentável. Por meio de instrumentos de coleta de dados, foram determinados todos os recursos renováveis (R), não renováveis (N) e financeiros (F) para cada um dos 35 estabelecimentos rurais participantes desta pesquisa. Devido algumas similaridades, estes estabelecimentos foram agrupados em clusters, desta forma, foram verificados e identificados padrões e relações entre os componentes de cada grupo formado. Com as informações sobre a quantidade de recursos R, N e F, foi realizado o cálculo emergético, que contabiliza todos as entrada e saídas destes recursos. Enquanto pelo método econômico tradicional são analisados somente os custos fixos, custos variáveis, e o mercado, portanto, para a comercialização deste produto, não são consideradas as contribuições da natureza e dos ecossistemas que estão envolvidos diretamente em sua produção. Índices emergéticos também foram calculados índices, tais como, Rendimento emergético (EYR), Investimento emergético (EIR), Carga ambiental/Impacto ambiental (ELR), Índice de sustentabilidade (ESI) e Renovabilidade (%R). Foram elaborados diagramas triangulares para a determinação e representação gráfica do processo produtivo que apresenta melhores desempenhos ambientais, econômicos e sociais, sob o ponto de vista emergético indicando qual destes sistemas do ponto de vista da sustentabilidade, possui maiores e melhores índices emergéticos. Então, por meio da técnica de clusterização, foram identificados 9 agrupamentos com um número variado de estabelecimentos em cada um. Na sequência procedendo-se à análise emergética, obteve-se que apenas 20% dos estabelecimentos rurais são sustentáveis, enquanto os 80% restantes são insustentáveis a médio prazo ou não sustentáveis, em razão dos critérios utilizados e adotados neste estudo.
Cassava is cultivated in much of the national territory, therefore, in different regions, under different production systems. In food production, called “table cassava”, it is considered one of the main sources of carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, which represents an important aspect for the feeding of populations in poor countries. For the industry, cassava assumes prominence in the composition of packaging, glues, mining, textiles and pharmaceuticals and also of embedded foods, among others, through the use of starch. Due to the need for the development of sustainable production systems (better environmental, economic and social performances), and, due to the importance of cassava in the Brazilian agricultural scenario, this study aimed to carry out the emergy balance, comparing and analyzing different cassava production systems. Moreover, emergy indexes can be used to have a correlation and interaction between man and the environment, also serving to evaluate how these systems behave economically and ecologically. Thus, the use of emergy analysis enables emergy costs and benefits to be compared, and thus contributes to sustainable resource management. Through data collection instruments, all renewable (R), non-renewable (N) and financial (F) resources were determined for each of the 35 rural establishments participating in this research. Due to some similarities, these establishments were grouped into clusters, thus, patterns and relationships between the components of each group formed were identified and verified. With information on the amount of resources R, N and F, the emergy calculation was performed, which accounts for all inputs and outputs of these resources. While the traditional economic method only analyzes fixed costs, variable costs and the market, therefore, for the commercialization of this product, the contributions of nature and ecosystems that are directly involved in its production are not considered. Emergy indexes were also calculated such as Emergy yield (EYR), Emergy investment (EIR), Environmental impact (ELR), Sustainability index (ESI) and Renewability (% R). Triangular diagrams were developed for the determination and graphical representation of the productive process that presents the best environmental, economic and social performances, from the point of view of emergence indicating which of these systems from the point of view of sustainability has the highest and best emergence rates. Then, through the clustering technique, 9 clusters were identified with a varied number of establishments in each one. Following the emergency analysis, it was found that only 20% of rural establishments are sustainable, while the remaining 80% are unsustainable in the medium term or unsustainable, due to the criteria used and adopted in this study.
Cassava is cultivated in much of the national territory, therefore, in different regions, under different production systems. In food production, called “table cassava”, it is considered one of the main sources of carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, which represents an important aspect for the feeding of populations in poor countries. For the industry, cassava assumes prominence in the composition of packaging, glues, mining, textiles and pharmaceuticals and also of embedded foods, among others, through the use of starch. Due to the need for the development of sustainable production systems (better environmental, economic and social performances), and, due to the importance of cassava in the Brazilian agricultural scenario, this study aimed to carry out the emergy balance, comparing and analyzing different cassava production systems. Moreover, emergy indexes can be used to have a correlation and interaction between man and the environment, also serving to evaluate how these systems behave economically and ecologically. Thus, the use of emergy analysis enables emergy costs and benefits to be compared, and thus contributes to sustainable resource management. Through data collection instruments, all renewable (R), non-renewable (N) and financial (F) resources were determined for each of the 35 rural establishments participating in this research. Due to some similarities, these establishments were grouped into clusters, thus, patterns and relationships between the components of each group formed were identified and verified. With information on the amount of resources R, N and F, the emergy calculation was performed, which accounts for all inputs and outputs of these resources. While the traditional economic method only analyzes fixed costs, variable costs and the market, therefore, for the commercialization of this product, the contributions of nature and ecosystems that are directly involved in its production are not considered. Emergy indexes were also calculated such as Emergy yield (EYR), Emergy investment (EIR), Environmental impact (ELR), Sustainability index (ESI) and Renewability (% R). Triangular diagrams were developed for the determination and graphical representation of the productive process that presents the best environmental, economic and social performances, from the point of view of emergence indicating which of these systems from the point of view of sustainability has the highest and best emergence rates. Then, through the clustering technique, 9 clusters were identified with a varied number of establishments in each one. Following the emergency analysis, it was found that only 20% of rural establishments are sustainable, while the remaining 80% are unsustainable in the medium term or unsustainable, due to the criteria used and adopted in this study.
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Palavras-chave
Cultivo de mandioca, Mandioca, Emergia, Sustentabilidade, Índice de sustentabilidade