Criminalização da LGBTfobia: uma análise comportamental de projetos de lei
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Data
2019-09-03
Autores
Teixeira, Raphael dos Santos
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A temática de gênero e sexualidade se desenvolve ao longo da história rodeada de preconceitos e explicações que buscam apresentar modelos de suas causas e efeitos. O aspecto da orientação sexual, componente da sexualidade, difere-se conceitualmente a partir da concepção da heterossexualidade como normalidade e homossexualidade como desvio. Tal característica leva ao que se pode compreender como LGBTfobia acarretando em violências, agressões e uma série de outros comportamentos contra o público de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Transexuais Travestis (LGBT) e todos aqueles que não expressam sua sexualidade de maneira heterossexual/cisgênera. Atualmente, o Brasil é o signatário de acordos internacionais que estipulam práticas de Estado para a criminalização de comportamentos agressivos direcionados ao público LGBT, contudo o número de vítimas deste grupo se mostra cada vez maior e até o ano de 2019 não foram sancionadas leis que criminalizem ações LGBTfóbicas. Diante disso, esta pesquisa desenvolve uma análise dos Projetos de Lei direcionados a criminalização da LGBTfobia propostos até 2018 nas instâncias da Câmara dos Deputados e no Senado Federal. A partir da Análise do Comportamento, ramo da psicologia fundamentado pela filosofia do Behaviorismo Radical, realiza-se a análise de oito Projetos de Lei direcionados a criminalização de comportamentos LGBTfóbicos buscando destacar e analisar itens de Contextos Antecedentes, Comportamentos, Consequências e Atores Alvo. São analisados também os pareceres legislativos referentes a três dos Projetos de Lei identificando elementos contextuais que possivelmente influenciam no trâmite legislativo destes documentos. Como resultados, identifica-se que não há uma preocupação na maioria dos projetos em definir termos como orientação sexual, identidade e expressão de gênero. A maioria dos Projetos de Lei não apresenta todos os itens que constituem uma contingência (contextos, comportamentos e consequências), sendo necessário, conforme a literatura, recorrer a outros documentos legislativos como a Código Penal (1940) e a Lei Nº 7.716/1989 que criminaliza o racismo para acessar informações que permitam a formulação de contingências minimamente claras. Identificam-se como Atores Alvos dos comportamentos a Sociedade Civil e o Poder Público, sendo a eles direcionados diferentes comportamentos e consequências em direção a criminalização de práticas LGBTfóbicas. Parte dos documentos compreende que a LGBTfobia se constitui apenas por comportamentos violentos e agressivos, excluindo de suas proposições comportamentos como piadas e comentários com o mesmo teor de preconceito. Como resultados encontrados nos pareceres legislativos, destaca-se a presença de representantes da Agência Religiosa enquanto possíveis influências contrárias à aprovação dos projetos em direção a Políticas Públicas, buscando a retirada de eventos e cultos religiosos dos contextos nos quais pode-se criminalizar comportamentos LGBTfóbicos. Por fim, este estudo pode auxiliar na compreensão da formulação e dos trâmites de aprovação de Políticas Públicas direcionadas ao público LGBT assim como demonstra que a Análise do Comportamento, enquanto um ramo da psicologia, pode contribuir para o planejamento e formulação de leis e Políticas Públicas.
The theme of gender and sexuality develops throughout history surrounded by prejudice and explanations that seek to present models of its causes and effects. The aspect of sexual orientation, a component of sexuality, differs conceptually from the conception of heterosexuality as normality and homosexuality as deviance. This feature leads to what can be understood as LGBT phobia leading to violence, assaults and a host of other behaviors against the public of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transsexual, Transvestites (LGBT) and all those who do not express their sexuality in a heterosexual / cisgender manner. Currently, Brazil is the signatory of international agreements that stipulate state practices to criminalize aggressive behavior directed to the LGBT public, however the number of victims of this group is increasing and until 2019 were not sanctioned laws that criminalize LGBT phobic actions. Given this, this research develops an analysis of the Bill directed to criminalization of LGBTphobia proposed until 2018 in the instances of the House of Representatives and the Federal Senate. Based on Behavior Analysis, a branch of psychology based on the philosophy of Radical Behaviorism, eight Laws directed to criminalization of LGBTphobic behaviors are analyzed, seeking to highlight and analyze items from Background, Behavior, Consequences and Target Actors. Also, the legislative opinions referring to three of the Bills identifying contextual elements that possibly influence the legislative process of these documents. As a result, it is identified that there is no concern in most projects to define terms such as sexual orientation, identity and gender expression. Most bills do not present all the items that constitute a contingency (contexts, behaviors and consequences), and it is necessary, according to the literature, to resort to other legislative documents such as the Penal Code (1940) and Law No. 7,716 / 1989 that criminalizes racism to access information that allows the formulation of minimally clear contingencies. The target actors of the behaviors are Civil Society and the Government, being directed to different behaviors and consequences towards the criminalization of LGBTphobic practices. Part of the documents understands that LGBTphobia is constituted only by violent and aggressive behavior, excluding from its propositions behaviors such as jokes and comments with the same prejudice. As results found in the legislative opinions, we highlight the presence of representatives of the Religious Agency as possible influences contrary to the approval of projects towards Public Policies,seeking the removal of religious events and cults from contexts in which LGBTphobic behavior can be criminalized. Finally, this study can help in understanding the formulation and approval procedures of LGBT Public-Targeted Public Policies as well as demonstrating that Behavior Analysis, as a branch of psychology, can contribute to the design and formulation of public policies and laws.
The theme of gender and sexuality develops throughout history surrounded by prejudice and explanations that seek to present models of its causes and effects. The aspect of sexual orientation, a component of sexuality, differs conceptually from the conception of heterosexuality as normality and homosexuality as deviance. This feature leads to what can be understood as LGBT phobia leading to violence, assaults and a host of other behaviors against the public of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transsexual, Transvestites (LGBT) and all those who do not express their sexuality in a heterosexual / cisgender manner. Currently, Brazil is the signatory of international agreements that stipulate state practices to criminalize aggressive behavior directed to the LGBT public, however the number of victims of this group is increasing and until 2019 were not sanctioned laws that criminalize LGBT phobic actions. Given this, this research develops an analysis of the Bill directed to criminalization of LGBTphobia proposed until 2018 in the instances of the House of Representatives and the Federal Senate. Based on Behavior Analysis, a branch of psychology based on the philosophy of Radical Behaviorism, eight Laws directed to criminalization of LGBTphobic behaviors are analyzed, seeking to highlight and analyze items from Background, Behavior, Consequences and Target Actors. Also, the legislative opinions referring to three of the Bills identifying contextual elements that possibly influence the legislative process of these documents. As a result, it is identified that there is no concern in most projects to define terms such as sexual orientation, identity and gender expression. Most bills do not present all the items that constitute a contingency (contexts, behaviors and consequences), and it is necessary, according to the literature, to resort to other legislative documents such as the Penal Code (1940) and Law No. 7,716 / 1989 that criminalizes racism to access information that allows the formulation of minimally clear contingencies. The target actors of the behaviors are Civil Society and the Government, being directed to different behaviors and consequences towards the criminalization of LGBTphobic practices. Part of the documents understands that LGBTphobia is constituted only by violent and aggressive behavior, excluding from its propositions behaviors such as jokes and comments with the same prejudice. As results found in the legislative opinions, we highlight the presence of representatives of the Religious Agency as possible influences contrary to the approval of projects towards Public Policies,seeking the removal of religious events and cults from contexts in which LGBTphobic behavior can be criminalized. Finally, this study can help in understanding the formulation and approval procedures of LGBT Public-Targeted Public Policies as well as demonstrating that Behavior Analysis, as a branch of psychology, can contribute to the design and formulation of public policies and laws.
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Palavras-chave
LGBTfobia, Sexualidade, Políticas Públicas, Homofobia, Análise do comportamento, Políticas públicas, Homofobia, LGBTphobia, Sexuality, Behavior analysis, Public policy