Adeus, Mao! O processo de transição da economia planificada à de mercado
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Data
2019-10-02
Autores
Gomes, Gustavo Gatto [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A presente dissertação busca descrever criticamente o processo de transição para uma economia de mercado na China, iniciada em 1978, no âmbito do programa de reforma e abertura chinês. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é examinar algumas relações entre a esfera política e a esfera econômica neste processo de transição. Além deste objetivo geral, os objetivos específicos são conceituar economia de mercado e economia planificada através do embate entre liberais e marxistas; diferenciar mercado e capitalismo de acordo com o prisma da Economia Política dos Sistemas-Mundo (EPSM); descrever a crise de lucratividade do capitalismo e os processos de financeirização e globalização a partir da década de 1970, e analisar seu impacto sobre a política e economia chinesa; e descrever e analisar a mercantilização gradual da economia chinesa. A pesquisa se utiliza, para isso, do método bibliográfico. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a transição para uma economia de mercado fortaleceram tanto o Estado chinês, que passou a ser frequentemente apontado como a futura potência hegemônica, e o Partido Comunista da China, que após ter seu poder e existência questionados durante a Revolução Cultural, conseguiu se consolidar e fortalecer o regime de partido único na China, que sobreviveu à onda de aberturas políticas que marcou o fim da Guerra Fria. Por outro lado, há indícios de que o próprio Partido Comunista da China tenha passado por mudanças que permitem questionar se, além do nome, algo mais foi mantido. Diferente do período maoísta, em que a distribuição de riquezas, a igualdade e a luta de classes eram preocupações centrais do Partido, após as reformas, estas pautas foram deixadas de lado. Como resultado da mercantilização generalizada da sociedade, apesar do crescimento generalizado e de a reforma ter sido realizada com mais cuidado para evitar perdedores do que as reformas de outros países de economia planificada, pode-se perceber que houve uma parcela da população que viu suas condições de vida se deteriorarem no processo.
This dissertation seeks to critically describe the process of transition to a market economy in China, which began in 1978 under the Chinese reform and opening-up program. The general objective of the research is to examine some relations between the political sphere and the economic sphere in this transition process. Beyond this general objective, the specific objectives are to conceptualize market economy and planned economy through the clash between liberals and Marxists; differentiate market and capitalism according to the prism of World Systems Analysis; describe the capitalist crisis of profitability and the processes of financialization and globalization from the 1970s on, and analyze its impact on Chinese politics and economy; and describe and analyze the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy. For this, the research uses the bibliographic method. The survey results indicate that the transition to a market economy has strengthened both the Chinese state, which now is often seen as the likely future hegemonic power, and the Communist Party of China, which after having its power and existence questioned during the Cultural Revolution, managed to consolidate and strengthen the one-party state system in China, which survived the wave of political openings that characterized the end of the Cold War. On the other hand, there is evidence that the Communist Party of China itself has undergone changes that make it possible to question whether, besides the name, anything else has been kept. Unlike the Maoist period, when wealth distribution, equality, and class struggle were central concerns of the Party after the reforms, these agendas were set aside. As a result of the widespread marketization of society, despite widespread growth and reform being carried out more carefully to avoid losers than the reforms of other planned economy countries, one can realize that a portion of the population saw their conditions deteriorate in the process.
This dissertation seeks to critically describe the process of transition to a market economy in China, which began in 1978 under the Chinese reform and opening-up program. The general objective of the research is to examine some relations between the political sphere and the economic sphere in this transition process. Beyond this general objective, the specific objectives are to conceptualize market economy and planned economy through the clash between liberals and Marxists; differentiate market and capitalism according to the prism of World Systems Analysis; describe the capitalist crisis of profitability and the processes of financialization and globalization from the 1970s on, and analyze its impact on Chinese politics and economy; and describe and analyze the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy. For this, the research uses the bibliographic method. The survey results indicate that the transition to a market economy has strengthened both the Chinese state, which now is often seen as the likely future hegemonic power, and the Communist Party of China, which after having its power and existence questioned during the Cultural Revolution, managed to consolidate and strengthen the one-party state system in China, which survived the wave of political openings that characterized the end of the Cold War. On the other hand, there is evidence that the Communist Party of China itself has undergone changes that make it possible to question whether, besides the name, anything else has been kept. Unlike the Maoist period, when wealth distribution, equality, and class struggle were central concerns of the Party after the reforms, these agendas were set aside. As a result of the widespread marketization of society, despite widespread growth and reform being carried out more carefully to avoid losers than the reforms of other planned economy countries, one can realize that a portion of the population saw their conditions deteriorate in the process.
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Palavras-chave
Economias de mercado, Economias planificadas, República Popular da China, Globalização, Economia-mundo, Market economy, Planned economies, Popular Republic of China, Globalization, World-economy