Araticum de terra-fria e araticum mirim: variedades de Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer?
Data
2019-07-31
Autores
Mimi, Carolina Ovile
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Além das formas clássicas de identificação de espécies e variedades realizadas por meio da diferenciação morfológica de órgãos das plantas, como as folhas, flores e frutos, contamos com diferentes técnicas de estudo que analisam aspectos moleculares e químicos. A junção de mais de uma técnica de análise taxonômica é utilizada quando apenas a diferenciação morfológica não é capaz de identificar e classificar uma espécie. A quimiossistemática, recentemente nomeada quimiofenética utiliza dados químicos, provenientes do metabolismo especializado das plantas, para auxiliar na classificação de diferentes famílias, gêneros, espécies e variedades. A espécie Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer, conhecida por seu valor econômico e ecológico, é popularmente chamada como araticum de terra-fria e como araticum mirim, observações de campo e diversos estudos demonstram diferenças fisiológicas e morfológicas entre os araticuns. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar caracteres morfológicos e químicos provenientes do metabolismo especializado para esclarecer se os araticuns (araticum de terra-fria e araticum mirim) podem ser tratados como variedades de Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises morfométricas do limbo foliar e da coloração das flores e, análises do metabolismo especializado dos araticuns, considerando a) o perfil químico de alcaloides da raiz, expressado como abundância e perfil químico de alcaloides totais, e abundância de um alcaloide considerado marcador quimiotaxonômico (liriodenina) da família Annonaceae; b) perfil de voláteis foliares pelo método de microextração em fase sólida em modo headspace (HS-SPME). As coletas ocorreram em três estádios fenológicos (vegetativo, floração e frutificação) e em dois locais (Campos do Jordão e São Bento do Sapucaí). Foram observadas diferenças marcantes entre os araticuns em todos os aspectos estudados. Em relação à concentração de alcaloides totais e da Liriodenina foi encontrada maior concentração em araticum mirim nos três estádios fenológicos e nas duas localidades, a análise do perfil demonstrou maior porcentagem de presença do alcaloide Lanulinosina em araticum de terra-fria, e dos alcaloides Laurotetanina e N-metil-Laurotetanina em araticum mirim. O perfil de voláteis foliares demonstrou que araticum de terra-fria apresenta composição majoritária de sesquiterpenos (52 - 65% do perfil), diferente do araticum mirim que apresenta composição majoritária de monoterpenos (52 - 68% do perfil), além disso foi relatada a presença de voláteis exclusivos para os dois araticuns. A análise morfométrica demonstrou que araticum de terra-fria apresenta maior comprimento e largura do limbo foliar, quando comparado com araticum mirim que apresenta menor comprimento e largura do limbo foliar. Os resultados das análises de componentes principiais e agrupamentos hierárquicos com os caracteres químicos e dos morfológicos sugerem que o araticum de terra-fria e o araticum mirim devam ser classificados como variedades de A. emarginata.
In addition to the classical forms of identification of species made through the morphological differentiation of plant organs, such as leaves, flowers and fruits, we have different study techniques that analyze molecular and chemical aspects. The addition of more than one taxonomic analysis technique is used when only morphological differentiation is not able to identify and classify a species. The chemosystematics, recently named chemophenetic, uses chemical data from specialized plant metabolism to aid in the classification of different families, genera, species and varieties. The species Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer, known for its economic and ecological value, is popularly called araticum de terra-fria and araticum mirim. Field observations and several studies demonstrate physiological and morphological differences between them. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to use morphological and specialized chemical characters to clarify whether both araticuns (araticum de terra-fria and araticum mirim) are varieties of Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer. For this purpose, morphometric analysis of leaf blade and flower color analysis were performed, analysis of the specialized metabolism of araticuns were performed, considering a) chemical alkaloid profile of the root, expressed as abundance and chemical profile of total alkaloids, and abundance of an alkaloid considered a chemotaxonomic marker (liriodenine) of the Annonaceae family, b) profile of leaf volatiles by solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode (HS-SPME). The collections were carried out in three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) and in two places (Campos do Jordão and São Bento do Sapucaí). Significant differences were observed between the araticuns in all aspects studied. In relation to the concentration of total alkaloids and Liriodenine, a higher concentration was found in araticum mirim, the profile analysis showed a higher percentage of the presence of Lanulinosine alkaloid in araticum de terra-fria, and of the alkaloids Laurotetanina and N-methyl-Laurotetanine in araticum mirim. The profile of leaf volatiles shows that araticum de terra-fria has a majority composition of sesquiterpenes (52-65% of the profile), different from araticum mirim, which has a majority composition of monoterpenes (52-68% of the profile), besides that it was observed the presence of unique volatiles to each araticum. The morphometric analysis showed that araticum de terra-fria presents a greater height and width of leaf blade, when compared to araticum mirim that presents smaller width and height of leaf blade. The results of the analysis of the main components and hierarchical groupings with the chemical characters, besides the morphological ones suggest that araticum de terra-fria and araticum mirim shold be classified as varieties of A. emarginata.
In addition to the classical forms of identification of species made through the morphological differentiation of plant organs, such as leaves, flowers and fruits, we have different study techniques that analyze molecular and chemical aspects. The addition of more than one taxonomic analysis technique is used when only morphological differentiation is not able to identify and classify a species. The chemosystematics, recently named chemophenetic, uses chemical data from specialized plant metabolism to aid in the classification of different families, genera, species and varieties. The species Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer, known for its economic and ecological value, is popularly called araticum de terra-fria and araticum mirim. Field observations and several studies demonstrate physiological and morphological differences between them. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to use morphological and specialized chemical characters to clarify whether both araticuns (araticum de terra-fria and araticum mirim) are varieties of Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer. For this purpose, morphometric analysis of leaf blade and flower color analysis were performed, analysis of the specialized metabolism of araticuns were performed, considering a) chemical alkaloid profile of the root, expressed as abundance and chemical profile of total alkaloids, and abundance of an alkaloid considered a chemotaxonomic marker (liriodenine) of the Annonaceae family, b) profile of leaf volatiles by solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode (HS-SPME). The collections were carried out in three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) and in two places (Campos do Jordão and São Bento do Sapucaí). Significant differences were observed between the araticuns in all aspects studied. In relation to the concentration of total alkaloids and Liriodenine, a higher concentration was found in araticum mirim, the profile analysis showed a higher percentage of the presence of Lanulinosine alkaloid in araticum de terra-fria, and of the alkaloids Laurotetanina and N-methyl-Laurotetanine in araticum mirim. The profile of leaf volatiles shows that araticum de terra-fria has a majority composition of sesquiterpenes (52-65% of the profile), different from araticum mirim, which has a majority composition of monoterpenes (52-68% of the profile), besides that it was observed the presence of unique volatiles to each araticum. The morphometric analysis showed that araticum de terra-fria presents a greater height and width of leaf blade, when compared to araticum mirim that presents smaller width and height of leaf blade. The results of the analysis of the main components and hierarchical groupings with the chemical characters, besides the morphological ones suggest that araticum de terra-fria and araticum mirim shold be classified as varieties of A. emarginata.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Annona emarginata, Annonaceae Juss, Variedades quimiofenéticas, Alcaloides, Voláteis foliares, Chemophenetic varieties, Alkaloids, Leaf volatiles