Trabalho e cotidiano dos africanos livres na Estrada da Maioridade- São Paulo- Santos (1840-1864).
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Data
2019-09-13
Autores
Ribeiro, Mariana Alice Pereira Schatzer [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A exploração do trabalho no Brasil, no século XIX, abrangeu questões complexas, pautadas pela precariedade da liberdade, pelo trabalho assalariado infrequente, pelo trabalho compulsório e forçado e, especialmente pela reescravização de pessoas livres de cor. Desta forma, a pesquisa busca compreender o que significava ser um africano com a condição jurídica de livre, porém, submetido à escravidão ilegal, arrematado aos canteiros de obras da Estrada da Maioridade. O empreendimento foi um dos projetos de modernização mais relevantes para a província São Paulo, entre 1840 a 1862. A construção e a manutenção das obras destinavam ligar a capital, até o porto de Santos, perpassando as cidades de São Bernardo e Cubatão. A iniciativa governamental visou dinamizar a comunicação, a circulação de pessoas, bem como o escoamento dos itens da economia agroexportadora, em especial, o café, durante a segunda metade do oitocentos. Já, a escolha do recorte temporal pautou-se pelo período das primeiras discussões relativas à estrada, passando pela execução das obras, até a data da emancipação definitiva dos africanos livres no Brasil, em 1864. Para tal, observamos os ofícios, as correspondências e as listas nominais produzidas pelos diretores da estrada, em conjunto com os relatórios dos presidentes da província, cuja documentação encontra-se depositada no Arquivo Público do Estado. O estudo das informações contidas nos documentos administrativos possibilitaram as análises de parte do cotidiano dos africanos livres, através das suas funções, alimentação, moradia, fugas, saúde e das formações familiares. O exame mais apurado das fontes, em conjunto com o referencial teórico de “trabalhadores subalternos”, nos influenciou a refletir também acerca da atuação de outros labutadores nos canteiros de obras, como os imigrantes alemães. Embora nossos personagens centrais sejam os tutelados, objetivamos conhecer algumas de suas aproximações, especificidades e experiências em comum. Logo, ampliamos o nosso olhar para tais sujeitos, no intuito de entender, sob a perspectiva micro analítica, os sentidos da exploração e da precariedade do trabalho no século XIX. Por conseguinte, o estudo do cotidiano e as relações de trabalho vivenciadas no local refletirão sobre o trabalho livre e compulsório e, discutirão, em que medida, as experiências vivenciadas pelos grupos estiveram pautadas pelas fronteiras entre a escravidão e a liberdade.
The exploitation of labor in Brazil in the nineteenth century covered complex issues, based on the precariousness of liberty, infrequent wage labor, compulsory and forced labor, and especially on the re-enslavement of free people of color. In this way, the research seeks to understand what it meant to be an African with the legal status of free, however, subjected to illegal slavery, garnished to the construction sites of the Road of Majority. The project was one of the most important modernization projects for the province of São Paulo, between 1840 and 1862. The construction and maintenance of the works were intended to connect the capital to the port of Santos, passing through the cities of São Bernardo and Cubatão. The government initiative was aimed at boosting communication, the movement of people, and the disposal of items from the agro-exporting economy, especially coffee, during the second half of the eighteenth century. Already, the temporal selection was based on the period of the first discussions about the road, going through the execution of the works, until the date of the definitive emancipation of the free Africans in Brazil in 1864. For this, we observed the trades, the nominal lists produced by the directors of the road, together with the reports of the presidents of the province, whose documentation is deposited in the Public Archives of the State. The study of the information contained in the administrative documents made it possible to analyze part of the daily life of the free Africans through their functions, food, housing, escape, health and family formation. The closer examination of the sources, along with the theoretical reference of "subaltern workers", also influenced us to reflect on the work of other workers at the construction sites, such as the German immigrants. Although our central characters are the guarded ones, we aim to know some of their approximations, specificities and experiences in common. Therefore, we broaden our view to such subjects, in order to understand, from a micro analytical perspective, the meanings of exploitation and the precariousness of work in the nineteenth century. Therefore, the study of the daily life and the local labor relations will reflect on the free and compulsory work and will discuss, to what extent, the experiences lived by the groups were based on the borders between the slavery and the freedom.
The exploitation of labor in Brazil in the nineteenth century covered complex issues, based on the precariousness of liberty, infrequent wage labor, compulsory and forced labor, and especially on the re-enslavement of free people of color. In this way, the research seeks to understand what it meant to be an African with the legal status of free, however, subjected to illegal slavery, garnished to the construction sites of the Road of Majority. The project was one of the most important modernization projects for the province of São Paulo, between 1840 and 1862. The construction and maintenance of the works were intended to connect the capital to the port of Santos, passing through the cities of São Bernardo and Cubatão. The government initiative was aimed at boosting communication, the movement of people, and the disposal of items from the agro-exporting economy, especially coffee, during the second half of the eighteenth century. Already, the temporal selection was based on the period of the first discussions about the road, going through the execution of the works, until the date of the definitive emancipation of the free Africans in Brazil in 1864. For this, we observed the trades, the nominal lists produced by the directors of the road, together with the reports of the presidents of the province, whose documentation is deposited in the Public Archives of the State. The study of the information contained in the administrative documents made it possible to analyze part of the daily life of the free Africans through their functions, food, housing, escape, health and family formation. The closer examination of the sources, along with the theoretical reference of "subaltern workers", also influenced us to reflect on the work of other workers at the construction sites, such as the German immigrants. Although our central characters are the guarded ones, we aim to know some of their approximations, specificities and experiences in common. Therefore, we broaden our view to such subjects, in order to understand, from a micro analytical perspective, the meanings of exploitation and the precariousness of work in the nineteenth century. Therefore, the study of the daily life and the local labor relations will reflect on the free and compulsory work and will discuss, to what extent, the experiences lived by the groups were based on the borders between the slavery and the freedom.
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Palavras-chave
africanos livres, escravidão, liberdade, estradas, trabalho