Criminalização da biopirataria: dogmática e necessidade
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Data
2019-09-12
Autores
Felício, Geisa Mariah Bomfim
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Pode-se entender por Biopirataria a manipulação de conhecimentos e recursos genéticos das comunidades tradicionais, sem a devida autorização das mesmas. Ela também pode ser definida como a exploração ou apropriação ilegal de recursos da fauna e flora, bem como da sabedoria popular dos povos, que utilizaram estes conhecimentos por anos e desenvolveram técnicas de uso e exploração, o que já permite uma aproximação a um sentido também econômico. A retirada ilegal de material genético e espécies de seres vivos associados à sabedoria popular de uma nação, visando à elaboração (ilegal) de novos produtos, gera problemas ambientais, culturais e econômicos para o país de origem. De fato, além dos danos de natureza econômica, pois por meio de patentes toda a renda da comercialização dos produtos não será repartida equitativamente com os povos detentores deste conhecimento, a biopirataria também fere a identidade da nação, uma vez que o produto da cultura passa a ser de propriedade de outros povos, não mais permitindo que as comunidades utilizem o conhecimento tradicional, perdendo parte de seus direitos como povos integrantes do Estado, ficando impossibilitados de exercer sua cidadania. Com a patente dessa biodiversidade e do conhecimento tradicional por outros países e laboratórios, todos os demais países serão obrigados a pagar royalties para importá-los, violando tratados e convenções que tem por objetivo a repartição de benefícios entre os povos dos quais a matéria prima foi retirada. Desta forma, diversas comunidades que sobrevivem da exploração de determinado produto há séculos se vêm proibidas de continuar a exploração uma vez que outro país é detentor destes direitos. Há no Brasil leis que visam proteger o patrimônio genético e também programas que tentam proteger as comunidades da Biopirataria, porém tais programas e leis não são efetivos. O que há no Brasil são leis que proíbem o trafico de animais e plantas, porém nenhuma destas leis prevê especificamente o tráfico destes para a prática da biopirataria, particularmente em relação a uma possível intervenção penal nesses casos. A análise a respeito da criação de uma norma específica se torna necessária não somente para o controle do material genético e do conhecimento tradicional do país, como também para proteger a sua identidade cultural e a soberania. Não há no Brasil uma legislação efetiva que exerça a proteção aos bens naturais e que evite a Biopirataria, sendo a política criminal uma alternativa que pode se revelar eficaz no tratamento deste problema, tanto criando novas formas de proteção ao patrimônio genético e cultural do país, como dando nova forma aos delitos associados à Biopirataria para que sejam mais eficazes. Diante da ausência de uma legislação específica, analisa-se necessidade da criminalização da Biopirataria, desestimulando assim esta prática, e protegendo não somente a biodiversidade brasileira, como também a cultura e o direito das pessoas à cidadania. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida valendo-se dos métodos bibliográfico, comparativo e dedutivo, tendo em vista a natureza e especificidade do tema.
Bioparacy can be understood as the manipulation of knowledge and genetic resources from the traditional communities, without their proper authorization. It can also be defined as the exploitation or illegal appropriation of fauna and flora’s resources, as well as peoples’s folk wisdom, who have used this knowledge for years and have developed techniques of use and exploitation, which already allows an approximation to a an economic sense. The illegal withdrawal of genetic material and living beings species associated with the folk wisdom of a nation, aiming at the (illegal) elaboration of new products, generates environmental, cultural and economic problems for the country of origin. In fact, in addition to the damages of an economic nature, because the patents’s income from the commercialization of the products will not be divided equitably with the peoples who possess this knowledge, the Biopiracy also hurts the identity of the nation, since the Product of the culture becomes the property of other people, no longer allowing communities to use traditional knowledge, losing part of their rights as members of the State, being unable to exercise their citizenship. With the patent of this biodiversity and traditional knowledge by other countries and laboratories, all other countries will be obliged to pay royalties to import them, violating treaties and conventions that aim to allocate benefits between peoples of which the raw material was withdrawn. In this way, several communities that have survived from the exploitation of a certain product for centuries have been prohibited from continuing the exploitation since another country is the holder of these rights. There are laws in Brazil that aim to protect the genetic heritage and also programs that try to protect the communities of Biopiracy, but such programs and laws are not effective. In Brazil there are laws that prohibit the trafficking of animals and plants, but none of these laws specifically provide their smuggling for the practice of biopiracy, particularly in relation to a possible criminal intervention in these cases. The analysis regarding the creation of a specific norm becomes necessary not only for the control of genetic material and traditional knowledge of the country, but also to protect its cultural identity and sovereignty. There is no effective legislation in Brazil that protects natural goods and avoids biopiracy, and the criminal policy is an alternative that can prove effective in the treatment of this problem, by creating new forms of protection of the coutry’s the Genetic patrimony and cultural heritage, or giving new form to the crimes associated with Biopirataria to be more effective. Given the absence of specific legislation, we analyze the need for the criminalization of Biopiracy, thus discouraging this practice, and protecting not only the Brazilian biodiversity, but also the culture and the right of people to citizenship. The research was developed using the bibliographic, comparative and deductive methods, in view of the nature and specificity of the theme
Bioparacy can be understood as the manipulation of knowledge and genetic resources from the traditional communities, without their proper authorization. It can also be defined as the exploitation or illegal appropriation of fauna and flora’s resources, as well as peoples’s folk wisdom, who have used this knowledge for years and have developed techniques of use and exploitation, which already allows an approximation to a an economic sense. The illegal withdrawal of genetic material and living beings species associated with the folk wisdom of a nation, aiming at the (illegal) elaboration of new products, generates environmental, cultural and economic problems for the country of origin. In fact, in addition to the damages of an economic nature, because the patents’s income from the commercialization of the products will not be divided equitably with the peoples who possess this knowledge, the Biopiracy also hurts the identity of the nation, since the Product of the culture becomes the property of other people, no longer allowing communities to use traditional knowledge, losing part of their rights as members of the State, being unable to exercise their citizenship. With the patent of this biodiversity and traditional knowledge by other countries and laboratories, all other countries will be obliged to pay royalties to import them, violating treaties and conventions that aim to allocate benefits between peoples of which the raw material was withdrawn. In this way, several communities that have survived from the exploitation of a certain product for centuries have been prohibited from continuing the exploitation since another country is the holder of these rights. There are laws in Brazil that aim to protect the genetic heritage and also programs that try to protect the communities of Biopiracy, but such programs and laws are not effective. In Brazil there are laws that prohibit the trafficking of animals and plants, but none of these laws specifically provide their smuggling for the practice of biopiracy, particularly in relation to a possible criminal intervention in these cases. The analysis regarding the creation of a specific norm becomes necessary not only for the control of genetic material and traditional knowledge of the country, but also to protect its cultural identity and sovereignty. There is no effective legislation in Brazil that protects natural goods and avoids biopiracy, and the criminal policy is an alternative that can prove effective in the treatment of this problem, by creating new forms of protection of the coutry’s the Genetic patrimony and cultural heritage, or giving new form to the crimes associated with Biopirataria to be more effective. Given the absence of specific legislation, we analyze the need for the criminalization of Biopiracy, thus discouraging this practice, and protecting not only the Brazilian biodiversity, but also the culture and the right of people to citizenship. The research was developed using the bibliographic, comparative and deductive methods, in view of the nature and specificity of the theme
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Palavras-chave
Direito, Biopirataria, Legislação, Cultura