O enquadramento das águas doces superficiais no Brasil em rios de domínio da União: desafios para a gestão da qualidade hídrica
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2019-10-21
Autores
Souza, Vagner Alexandre Aparecido de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O enquadramento de corpos hídricos superficiais é um instrumento de planejamento presente na Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos que tem por objetivo delinear a meta de qualidade hídrica a ser mantida ou alcançada dos corpos hídricos, de acordo com seus usos preponderantes e pretendidos pela sociedade. O estabelecimento deste instrumento de gestão hídrica apresenta alguns entraves para sua elaboração e efetivação, tais como ausência de Planos de Bacias, insuficiência de monitoramento qualiquantitativo das águas superficiais, dificuldades metodológicas nos estudos que subsidiam o enquadramento, insuficiência de corpo técnico nos órgãos gestores de recursos hídricos, falta de participação social nestes locais e de articulação entre estes e os municípios presentes nas Bacias Hidrográficas, dentre outros. Diante disto, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar, por meio do estudo de caso das Bacias dos rios de domínio da União que possuem Comitês de Bacias instalados (Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paranapanema, Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco, Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paranaíba, Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba do Sul, Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Grande, Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Piancó-Piranhas-Açu, Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Verde Grande e a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Doce), os desafios que envolvem a implementação do enquadramento. Para tanto, foram analisados os Planos de Bacias mais recentes das nove Bacias mencionadas e aplicados questionários eletrônicos aos Comitês Interestaduais de cada Bacia estudada, bem como à Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). Em todas as Bacias analisadas, não há enquadramento das águas doces superficiais de domínio da União de acordo com a norma vigente, qual seja, a Resolução CONAMA n. 305/05. Os principais problemas identificados foram: carência de dados fluviométricos, distribuição de pontos de monitoramento da qualidade e quantidade hídrica nas Bacias de tal forma que dificultam as análises, diversidade de legislações aplicáveis ao enquadramento nos estados em que as Bacias se encontram, normativos de enquadramento descompatíveis com a legislação atual, poluição hídrica por fontes pontuais e difusas, além da falta de articulação institucional entre os órgãos de gestão hídrica, os estados e os municípios, em termos de ações que levem à proposição e alcance das metas estabelecidas. Em contrapartida, algumas potencialidades para a consecução do enquadramento nas Bacias foram verificadas, tais como a implementação de outorga de uso dos recursos hídricos em todas as Bacias analisadas, a existência de cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos em seis das nove Bacias analisadas e o fortalecimento institucional que se inicia em alguns Comitês. Desta forma, o presente trabalho propôs recomendações que versam sobre intervenções sobre: a fiscalização de fontes poluidoras, a rede de monitoramento de qualiquantitativa das águas superficiais, a revisão do arcabouço legal, o fortalecimento institucional, a instituição de instrumentos de gestão hídrica correlatos com o enquadramento de corpos hídricos, a definição de áreas prioritárias para intervenções e alinhamento do planejamento das Bacias com políticas setoriais municipais, auxiliando os entes gestores das Bacias analisadas à contornar os problemas identificados visando à elaboração e implementação do enquadramento das águas superficiais doces em suas respectivas Bacias.
The framing of surface water bodies is a planning instrument present in the National Water Resources Policy that aims to delineate the goal of water quality to be maintained or achieved by water bodies, according to their preponderant and intended uses by society. The establishment of this water management instrument presents some obstacles to its elaboration and implementation, such as absence of Basin Plans, insufficient qualitative and quantitative monitoring of surface waters, methodological difficulties in the studies that support the framework, insufficient technical staff in the managing bodies of resources, lack of social participation in these places and of articulation between these and the municipalities present in the River Basins, among others. Given this, this study aimed to identify, through the case study of the river basins of the Union domain that have Interstate Basin Committees installed (Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí River Basins, Paranapanema River Basin, Rio São Francisco River Basin, Paranaíba River Basin, Paraíba do Sul River Basin, Grande River Basin, Piancó-Piranhas-Açu River Basin, Verde Grande River Basin and the Doce River Basin), the challenges that involve the implementation of the framework. To this end, the most recent Plans of the nine River Basins in question were analyzed and electronic questionnaires were applied to the Interstate Committees of each Basin studied, as well as to the National Water Agency (ANA). In all the analyzed Basins, there is no framing of surface freshwater under the domain of the Union according to the current norm, namely, CONAMA Resolution no. 305/05. The main problems encountered in this regard were: lack of fluviometric data, distribution of water quality monitoring points in the Basins in such a way that difficult the analysis, diversity of laws applicable to the framing in the states in which the Basins are located, framework rules incompatible with current legislation, water pollution from point and diffuse sources, besides the lack of institutional articulation between the water management agencies, the states and the municipalities, in terms of actions that lead to the proposition and achievement of the established goals. On the other hand, some potentialities for the achievement of the Basin framework were verified, such as the implementation of the granting the use of water resources in all the analyzed Basins, the existence of charging for the use of water resources in six of the nine basins analyzed and the strengthening that starts with some Committees. Thus, the present work proposed recommendations recommendations on interventions about: the supervision of polluting sources, the qualitative and quantitative monitoring of surface waters, the revision of the framework rules, the institutional strengthening, the establishment of water management instruments related to the water bodies framework, the definition priority areas for interventions and alignment of Basin planning with municipal sectoral policies, that can help the managers of the analyzed Basins to circumvent the problem situations diagnosed, aiming at the elaboration and implementation of the framing of their surface freshwater.
The framing of surface water bodies is a planning instrument present in the National Water Resources Policy that aims to delineate the goal of water quality to be maintained or achieved by water bodies, according to their preponderant and intended uses by society. The establishment of this water management instrument presents some obstacles to its elaboration and implementation, such as absence of Basin Plans, insufficient qualitative and quantitative monitoring of surface waters, methodological difficulties in the studies that support the framework, insufficient technical staff in the managing bodies of resources, lack of social participation in these places and of articulation between these and the municipalities present in the River Basins, among others. Given this, this study aimed to identify, through the case study of the river basins of the Union domain that have Interstate Basin Committees installed (Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí River Basins, Paranapanema River Basin, Rio São Francisco River Basin, Paranaíba River Basin, Paraíba do Sul River Basin, Grande River Basin, Piancó-Piranhas-Açu River Basin, Verde Grande River Basin and the Doce River Basin), the challenges that involve the implementation of the framework. To this end, the most recent Plans of the nine River Basins in question were analyzed and electronic questionnaires were applied to the Interstate Committees of each Basin studied, as well as to the National Water Agency (ANA). In all the analyzed Basins, there is no framing of surface freshwater under the domain of the Union according to the current norm, namely, CONAMA Resolution no. 305/05. The main problems encountered in this regard were: lack of fluviometric data, distribution of water quality monitoring points in the Basins in such a way that difficult the analysis, diversity of laws applicable to the framing in the states in which the Basins are located, framework rules incompatible with current legislation, water pollution from point and diffuse sources, besides the lack of institutional articulation between the water management agencies, the states and the municipalities, in terms of actions that lead to the proposition and achievement of the established goals. On the other hand, some potentialities for the achievement of the Basin framework were verified, such as the implementation of the granting the use of water resources in all the analyzed Basins, the existence of charging for the use of water resources in six of the nine basins analyzed and the strengthening that starts with some Committees. Thus, the present work proposed recommendations recommendations on interventions about: the supervision of polluting sources, the qualitative and quantitative monitoring of surface waters, the revision of the framework rules, the institutional strengthening, the establishment of water management instruments related to the water bodies framework, the definition priority areas for interventions and alignment of Basin planning with municipal sectoral policies, that can help the managers of the analyzed Basins to circumvent the problem situations diagnosed, aiming at the elaboration and implementation of the framing of their surface freshwater.
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Palavras-chave
Instrumentos de gestão hídrica, Resolução Conama 357/05, Classificação das águas doces superficiais, Water management instruments, CONAMA Resolution 357/05, Surface freshwater classification