Análise dos critérios do meio físico aplicados na definição de áreas para aterros sanitários nos processos de licenciamento ambiental: realidade e perspectivas
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Data
2019-10-09
Autores
Aguiar, Maisa Comar Pinhotti
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar a incorporação dos critérios do meio físico na seleção de áreas para implantação de aterros sanitários nos processos de licenciamento ambiental no Estado de São Paulo. A investigação foi realizada a partir da análise de estudos ambientais de aterros sanitários (EIA/RIMA e RAP) apresentados para a Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), em atendimento ao processo de licenciamento ambiental no Estado de São Paulo. A avaliação da incorporação dos critérios na seleção das áreas nos processos de licenciamento baseou-se em aterros sanitários localizados nas áreas de alta, média e baixa vulnerabilidade à contaminação de águas subterrâneas, conforme Mapa de Vulnerabilidade à Contaminação de Águas Subterrâneas do Estado de São Paulo (IG/DAEE/CETESB, 1997). Foram selecionados um (01) aterro na área de alta vulnerabilidade, dois (02) na de média vulnerabilidade e três (03) na área de baixa vulnerabilidade. A análise dos critérios do meio físico dos EIA-RIMA foi pautada nos capítulos de “Alternativas Locacionais” e “Diagnóstico do Meio Físico”. Com base nos resultados da avaliação dos relatórios ambientais verificou-se que, usualmente, o meio físico não foi considerado determinante na seleção da área de implantação do aterro, predominando critérios financeiros na escolha locacional dentre as alternativas apontadas para cada área. Quanto à caracterização do meio físico apresentada nos relatórios, ela atendeu, em linhas gerais, às indicações dos aspectos a serem abordados conforme Manual de Elaboração de EIA/RIMA. Essa abordagem, no entanto, é realizada de forma descritiva, sem discussão e integração dos dados apresentados. Em alguns aterros estudados, apesar dessa caracterização apontar propriedades desfavoráveis do meio como solo com elevado coeficiente de permeabilidade, nível de água raso (espessura insaturada menor que 2,0 m) ou proximidade do aterro com corpos de água superficiais, isso não foi ponderado pelo órgão licenciador que emitiu as licenças ambientais com as exigências técnicas de praxe, sem solicitar alterações no projeto apresentado ou acrescentar exigências especificas para cada aterro. Constatou-se que uma maior vulnerabilidade do meio físico condicionou alterações na qualidade ambiental local como a contaminação da água subterrânea observada em alguns aterros sanitários estudados. Em relação ao alinhamento dos critérios de análise do meio físico utilizados pela CETESB e por órgãos licenciadores no exterior, verificou-se que os valores considerados no Estado de São Paulo para critérios como o coeficiente de permeabilidade e espessura da zona insaturada são menos restritivos que os empregados pelos demais órgãos. Isso se deve ao fato de a CETESB considerar em sua análise as condições mínimas estabelecidas pela NBR 13896/97. A utilização de valores mais restritivos, que inclusive já possuem previsão legal em norma, seguramente representam uma proteção adicional ao meio ambiente, além das proporcionadas pelos mecanismos de proteção do próprio aterro sanitário
The main objective of this study was to analyze the incorporation of the criteria of the The main objective of this study was to analyze the incorporation of the criteria of the physical environment in the selection of areas for the implementation of sanitary landfills in environmental licensing processes in the State of São Paulo. The investigation was carried out based on the analysis of environmental studies of sanitary landfills (EIA/RIMA and RAP) presented to the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), in compliance with the environmental licensing process in the State of São Paulo. The evaluation of the incorporation of the criteria in the selection of the areas in the licensing processes was based on sanitary landfills located in areas of high, medium and low vulnerability to groundwater contamination, according to the Map of Vulnerability to Groundwater Contamination of the State of São Paulo (IG/DAEE/CETESB, 1997). One (01) landfill was selected in the area of high vulnerability, two (02) in the area of medium vulnerability and three (03) in the area of low vulnerability. The analysis of the criteria of the physical environment of the EIA-RIMA was based on the chapters "Local Alternatives" and "Diagnosis of the Physical Environment". Based on the results of the evaluation of the environmental reports, it was verified that, usually, the physical environment was not considered determinant in the selection of the area of implementation of the landfill, predominating financial criteria in the choice of location among the alternatives pointed out for each area. As for the characterization of the physical environment presented in the reports, it met, in general the indications of the aspects to be addressed according to the EIA/RIMA Preparation Manual. This approach, however, is generally performed in a descriptive manner, without discussion and integration of the data presented. In some studied landfills, despite this characterization pointing out unfavorable properties of the environment as soil with high permeability coefficient, shallow water level (unsaturated thickness less than 2.0 m) or proximity of the landfill with surface water bodies, this was not considered by the licensing body that issued the environmental licenses with the technical requirements of practice, without requesting changes in the presented project or adding specific requirements for each landfill. It was found that a greater vulnerability of the physical environment conditioned changes in local environmental quality such as groundwater contamination observed in some landfills studied. Regarding the alignment of the criteria for analysis of the physical environment used by CETESB and by licensing agencies abroad, it was found that the values considered in the State of São Paulo for criteria such as the permeability coefficient and thickness of the unsaturated zone are less restrictive than those used by other agencies. This is due to the fact that CETESB considers in its analysis the minimum conditions established by NBR 13896/97. The use of more restrictive values, which already have a legal provision in the standard, surely represent an additional protection to the environment, besides those provided by the protection mechanisms of the sanitary landfill itself.
The main objective of this study was to analyze the incorporation of the criteria of the The main objective of this study was to analyze the incorporation of the criteria of the physical environment in the selection of areas for the implementation of sanitary landfills in environmental licensing processes in the State of São Paulo. The investigation was carried out based on the analysis of environmental studies of sanitary landfills (EIA/RIMA and RAP) presented to the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), in compliance with the environmental licensing process in the State of São Paulo. The evaluation of the incorporation of the criteria in the selection of the areas in the licensing processes was based on sanitary landfills located in areas of high, medium and low vulnerability to groundwater contamination, according to the Map of Vulnerability to Groundwater Contamination of the State of São Paulo (IG/DAEE/CETESB, 1997). One (01) landfill was selected in the area of high vulnerability, two (02) in the area of medium vulnerability and three (03) in the area of low vulnerability. The analysis of the criteria of the physical environment of the EIA-RIMA was based on the chapters "Local Alternatives" and "Diagnosis of the Physical Environment". Based on the results of the evaluation of the environmental reports, it was verified that, usually, the physical environment was not considered determinant in the selection of the area of implementation of the landfill, predominating financial criteria in the choice of location among the alternatives pointed out for each area. As for the characterization of the physical environment presented in the reports, it met, in general the indications of the aspects to be addressed according to the EIA/RIMA Preparation Manual. This approach, however, is generally performed in a descriptive manner, without discussion and integration of the data presented. In some studied landfills, despite this characterization pointing out unfavorable properties of the environment as soil with high permeability coefficient, shallow water level (unsaturated thickness less than 2.0 m) or proximity of the landfill with surface water bodies, this was not considered by the licensing body that issued the environmental licenses with the technical requirements of practice, without requesting changes in the presented project or adding specific requirements for each landfill. It was found that a greater vulnerability of the physical environment conditioned changes in local environmental quality such as groundwater contamination observed in some landfills studied. Regarding the alignment of the criteria for analysis of the physical environment used by CETESB and by licensing agencies abroad, it was found that the values considered in the State of São Paulo for criteria such as the permeability coefficient and thickness of the unsaturated zone are less restrictive than those used by other agencies. This is due to the fact that CETESB considers in its analysis the minimum conditions established by NBR 13896/97. The use of more restrictive values, which already have a legal provision in the standard, surely represent an additional protection to the environment, besides those provided by the protection mechanisms of the sanitary landfill itself.
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Palavras-chave
Meio físico, Licenciamento ambiental, Aterros sanitários, Physical environment, Environmental licensing, Sanitary landfill