Efeitos da aplicação sistematizada de imersão em água fria sobre parâmetros perceptivos, funcionais e de desempenho em atletas da natação
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Data
2019-12-03
Autores
Batista, Natanael Pereira [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A imersão em água fria (IAF) é uma técnica comumente utilizada no âmbito esportivo no processo de recuperação pós-exercício. Na natação, este é um recurso utilizado principalmente entre provas, visando obter seus benefícios a curto prazo. Entretanto, os efeitos de sua aplicação de forma sistematizada e ajustada às demandas de treinamento, permanecem incertos, especialmente quando comparados à condição placebo. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos da imersão em água fria e sua condição placebo quando aplicadas de forma sistematizada e adequada a dinâmica de treinamento sobre parâmetros perceptivos, funcionais e de desempenho em atletas de natação. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado do tipo cruzado, envolvendo 20 atletas de natação de ambos os sexos com idade entre 12 e 20 anos. O estudo foi realizado em seis semanas de treinamento do mesmo mesociclo. Durante os cinco dias da semana os participantes realizaram as sessões de treinamento, compostas por um treino físico em solo seguido do treino nadado. Aos sábados (após as cinco sessões) os atletas foram submetidos à uma sessão de testes. As intervenções recuperativas [imersão em água fria (14±1°C), imersão em água termo neutra (27±1°C) como condição placebo, e condição controle] foram aplicadas em três semanas (semanas 2, 4 e 6) às segundas, terças e sextas-feiras entre o treino físico e o treino nadado durante 12 minutos, enquanto as semanas 1, 3 e 5 foram consideradas basais. Os atletas foram randomizados de acordo com sexo e nível competitivo em sequências distintas (S1; S2; S3) nos quais se diferenciaram apenas pela ordem de realização das intervenções recuperativas em cada semana. Nas sessões de testes foram realizados dois tiros máximos de 100 metros nado crawl nos quais foram avaliados o índice técnico (tempo total) e as características de braçada de cada atleta, além de testes funcionais (flexibilidade, teste de supino, teste de salto, teste de barra e propriocepção de ombro). Como variável perceptiva foi aplicado o questionário SPEQ (Questionário de Percepções do Nadador ao Esforço) tanto nas sessões de treinamento como nas sessões de testes. Resultados: A IAF não apresentou efeitos sobre as variáveis funcionais e desempenho. Por outro lado, a técnica parece apresentar um efeito protetor com relação à dor durante o tiro. Foi observado também possível efeito placebo na análise a curto prazo das intervenções, com resultados favoráveis à intervenção placebo. A maior parte da amostra (65%) se sentiu mais recuperada com a IAF para realizar o treino nadado em relação às outras intervenções. Conclusão: A IAF quando aplicada de maneira sistemática durante sessões de treinamento de atletas de natação não apresenta efeitos deletérios ao desempenho além de apresentar um efeito protetor para dor e, portanto, pode ser considerado como uma estratégia de intervenção recuperativa para esta população.
Cold-water immersion (CWI) is a technique commonly used in sports in the post-exercise recovery process. In swimming, this is a tool used mainly between tests, aiming to obtain its short-term benefits. However, the effects of its systematic application and adjusted to the training demands remain uncertain, especially when compared to the placebo condition. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of cold-water immersion and its placebo condition when properly and systematically applied to training dynamics on perceptive, functional and performance parameters in swimming athletes. Methods: Randomized crossover clinical trial involving 20 male and female swimmers aged 12 to 20 years. The study was conducted in six weeks of training of the same mesocycle. During the five days of the week, the participants performed the training sessions, consisting of a physical training on the ground followed by the swim training. On Saturdays (after five sessions), the athletes were submitted to a testing session. The recovery interventions [cold water immersion (14 ± 1 ° C), term neutral water immersion (27 ± 1 ° C) as a placebo condition, and control condition] were applied at three weeks (weeks 2, 4 and 6) on Mondays, Tuesdays and Fridays between physical training and swimming training for 12 minutes, while weeks 1, 3 and 5 were considered baseline. Athletes were randomized according to gender and competitive level into distinct sequences (S1; S2; S3) in which they differed only by the order of recovery procedures applied each week. In the test sessions were performed two sprints of 100 meters crawl swim in which the technical index (total time) and stroke characteristics of each athlete were evaluated, as well as functional tests (flexibility, bench press test, squat jump test, pull up test and shoulder proprioception). As a perceptive variable, the SPEQ (Swimmer’s Perceptions of Effort Questionnaire) questionnaire was applied in both training and testing sessions. The CWI had no effects on functional and performance variables. On the other hand, the technique seems to have a protective effect regarding pain during sprint. A possible placebo effect was also observed in the short-term analysis of the interventions, with results favorable to the placebo intervention. Most of the sample (65%) felt more recovered with the CWI to perform swimming training compared to other interventions. Conclusion: CWI when applied systematically during training sessions of swimming athletes has no deleterious effects on performance, besides having a protective effect on pain and, therefore, can be considered as a recovery intervention strategy for this population.
Cold-water immersion (CWI) is a technique commonly used in sports in the post-exercise recovery process. In swimming, this is a tool used mainly between tests, aiming to obtain its short-term benefits. However, the effects of its systematic application and adjusted to the training demands remain uncertain, especially when compared to the placebo condition. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of cold-water immersion and its placebo condition when properly and systematically applied to training dynamics on perceptive, functional and performance parameters in swimming athletes. Methods: Randomized crossover clinical trial involving 20 male and female swimmers aged 12 to 20 years. The study was conducted in six weeks of training of the same mesocycle. During the five days of the week, the participants performed the training sessions, consisting of a physical training on the ground followed by the swim training. On Saturdays (after five sessions), the athletes were submitted to a testing session. The recovery interventions [cold water immersion (14 ± 1 ° C), term neutral water immersion (27 ± 1 ° C) as a placebo condition, and control condition] were applied at three weeks (weeks 2, 4 and 6) on Mondays, Tuesdays and Fridays between physical training and swimming training for 12 minutes, while weeks 1, 3 and 5 were considered baseline. Athletes were randomized according to gender and competitive level into distinct sequences (S1; S2; S3) in which they differed only by the order of recovery procedures applied each week. In the test sessions were performed two sprints of 100 meters crawl swim in which the technical index (total time) and stroke characteristics of each athlete were evaluated, as well as functional tests (flexibility, bench press test, squat jump test, pull up test and shoulder proprioception). As a perceptive variable, the SPEQ (Swimmer’s Perceptions of Effort Questionnaire) questionnaire was applied in both training and testing sessions. The CWI had no effects on functional and performance variables. On the other hand, the technique seems to have a protective effect regarding pain during sprint. A possible placebo effect was also observed in the short-term analysis of the interventions, with results favorable to the placebo intervention. Most of the sample (65%) felt more recovered with the CWI to perform swimming training compared to other interventions. Conclusion: CWI when applied systematically during training sessions of swimming athletes has no deleterious effects on performance, besides having a protective effect on pain and, therefore, can be considered as a recovery intervention strategy for this population.
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Palavras-chave
Natação, Crioterapia, Desempenho atlético, Swimming, Cryotherapy, Athletic performance