Padrões de cores de flores e a polinização em vegetações sazonais
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Data
2019-10-14
Autores
Martins, Amanda Eburneo
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A visão é o principal sentido utilizado pelos polinizadores para forragear, no qual a cor das flores é a primeira característica de atração. A percepção dos sinais de cores depende da coloração do segundo plano das flores, composto principalmente pelas folhas. Diferenças na composição das espécies e na estrutura da vegetação, e também na sazonalidade climática, podem interferir na cor do segundo plano de folhas em diferentes vegetações e estações, interferindo como os polinizadores percebem a flor. Portanto, a diversidade de cores das flores e os padrões de floração de uma comunidade podem estar relacionados com a composição de polinizadores e condições ambientais. Desta maneira, utilizando comunidades vegetais e considerando o sistema visual das abelhas, nós descrevemos e comparamos a diversidade de cores das flores e seus sinais, dando importância para a cor do segundo plano de folhas em duas vegetações sazonais tropicais e uma vegetação sazonal temperada. Em seguida, para vincular os sinais florais com a sazonalidade, nós analisamos a importância das síndromes de polinização levantadas, o padrão de floração, a influência da cor do segundo plano de folhas no padrão de cor das flores entre as estações. Nós encontramos diferenças na diversidade de cores das flores e confirmamos a influência da coloração do segundo plano de folhas, juntamente com a estrutura da vegetação e a intensidade da sazonalidade nos sinais florais exibidos em diferentes vegetações sazonais, de acordo com a visão das abelhas. Altos valores dos sinais cromáticos foram encontrados na vegetação temperada e na estação seca da comunidade tropical sazonal, enquanto os valores mais altos de sinais acromáticos, foram encontrados nas vegetações tropicais e na estação chuvosa da comunidade tropical sazonal. As abelhas foram o principal polinizador da comunidade estudada, porém outros animais também contribuem para a polinização, caracterizando a comunidade com padrão generalista de polinização. Amarelo e bluegreen foram as cores predominantes de flores, de acordo com a visão humana e das abelhas, respectivamente. Apesar destas cores geralmente estarem relacionadas com a melitofilia, nós não encontramos uma clara relação entre cores das flores e síndromes de polinização. Por fim, a sazonalidade molda os padrões de floração e a diversidade de cores e sinais florais, promovendo sinais distintos ao longo do ano e maximizando a detecção de flores pelos polinizadores ao longo das estações. Nós oferecemos novas perspectivas na área da ecologia sensorial, reforçando a importância de considerar a cor do segundo plano e o sistema visual das abelhas.
Vision is the main sense used to forage by pollinators being the flower colour the primary feature of attraction. Colour signals perception depend on the flower background colouration, mainly composed by leaves. Differences in species composition and vegetation structure, and also the seasonality, may change the leaf-background colouration of different vegetations and seasons, interfering how the pollinators perceive a flower. Therefore, flower colour diversity and flowering patterns of a community may be related to the pollinators’ composition and environmental conditions. Using a community level-approach and according to bee visual system, we described and compared the flower colour diversity and the signals of a temperate and two tropical seasonal vegetations, considering their leaf background colouration. Then, to link flower signals to seasonality and using the cerrado sensu stricto as a model of seasonal vegetation, we analysed the importance of the surveyed pollination syndromes, the community flowering pattern, flowering patterns according to the colour of flowers and the influence of seasonal changes in the background colouration in the flower colour signals between seasons. We found differences in flower colour diversity and confirmed the influence of the leaf- background colouration, along with the vegetation structure and seasonality intensity, in flower colour signals displayed in different seasonal vegetations according to the colour vision of bees. Higher values of chromatic signals were found in the temperate vegetation and higher values of achromatic signals in tropical vegetations. We confirmed the bees as the dominant pollinator in the cerrado sensu stricto but with a high diversity of animals as pollinators, featuring a generalist pattern of pollination. Yellow and bluegreen were the predominant flower colours, according to the colour vision of humans and bees, respectively. Although these colours are generally related to melittophily, we did not find a clear relationship between colours and syndromes. Finally, we confirmed that seasonality shaped the community flowering patterns and flower colour diversity over time, promoting distinct flower signals and maximizing flower detection by pollinators over seasons. Higher values of chromatic signals were promoted by the background of the dry season and higher values of achromatic signals by the background of the wet season. We offered news perspectives in sensorial ecology, reinforcing the importance of consider the background colour and the pollinators’ visual system when analysing flower colours at community-level.
Vision is the main sense used to forage by pollinators being the flower colour the primary feature of attraction. Colour signals perception depend on the flower background colouration, mainly composed by leaves. Differences in species composition and vegetation structure, and also the seasonality, may change the leaf-background colouration of different vegetations and seasons, interfering how the pollinators perceive a flower. Therefore, flower colour diversity and flowering patterns of a community may be related to the pollinators’ composition and environmental conditions. Using a community level-approach and according to bee visual system, we described and compared the flower colour diversity and the signals of a temperate and two tropical seasonal vegetations, considering their leaf background colouration. Then, to link flower signals to seasonality and using the cerrado sensu stricto as a model of seasonal vegetation, we analysed the importance of the surveyed pollination syndromes, the community flowering pattern, flowering patterns according to the colour of flowers and the influence of seasonal changes in the background colouration in the flower colour signals between seasons. We found differences in flower colour diversity and confirmed the influence of the leaf- background colouration, along with the vegetation structure and seasonality intensity, in flower colour signals displayed in different seasonal vegetations according to the colour vision of bees. Higher values of chromatic signals were found in the temperate vegetation and higher values of achromatic signals in tropical vegetations. We confirmed the bees as the dominant pollinator in the cerrado sensu stricto but with a high diversity of animals as pollinators, featuring a generalist pattern of pollination. Yellow and bluegreen were the predominant flower colours, according to the colour vision of humans and bees, respectively. Although these colours are generally related to melittophily, we did not find a clear relationship between colours and syndromes. Finally, we confirmed that seasonality shaped the community flowering patterns and flower colour diversity over time, promoting distinct flower signals and maximizing flower detection by pollinators over seasons. Higher values of chromatic signals were promoted by the background of the dry season and higher values of achromatic signals by the background of the wet season. We offered news perspectives in sensorial ecology, reinforcing the importance of consider the background colour and the pollinators’ visual system when analysing flower colours at community-level.
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Palavras-chave
Polinização, Diversidade de flores, Sazonalidade, Padrão de floração, Segundo plano de folhas, Cores das flores, Comunicação visual, Sinais florais, Vegetação sazonal, Interação planta-polinizador, Pollination, Flower diversity, Seasonality, Flowering pattern, Leaf-background, Flower colour, Visual communication, Floral signals, Seasonal vegetation, Plant-pollinator interaction