Distribuição geográfica de Desmodus rotundus, suas implicações nos casos de raiva em bovinos e análise filogenética dos isolados virais entre 2016-2018 na região de Botucatu, São Paulo - SP
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Data
2020-02-18
Autores
Mantovan, Karine Bott
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No Brasil a infecção pelo vírus rábico é um sério problema de saúde pública e levou a óbito dez pessoas em 2018, todas transmitidas por morcego hematófago (Desmodus rotundus), também responsável pela morte de mais de 40.000 animais de interesse econômico, gerando prejuízo de 15 milhões de dólares anuais. Mudanças causadas pelo homem no ambiente são responsáveis pelo aumento do número dessa espécie de quiróptero, elevando o número de focos da doença em bovinos. Algumas regiões do país, como o estado de São Paulo, apresentam surtos anuais. De 2016 a 2018 foram enviadas 269 amostras de sistema nervoso central de bovinos ao Serviço de Diagnóstico de Zoonoses (SDZ) – UNESP/Botucatu para diagnóstico de Raiva pelas técnicas de imunofluorescência direta e isolamento viral em camundongos. Destas, 104 foram positivas e incluídas no estudo abrangendo 25 municípios da região Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo para georreferenciamento e análise estatística e destas, em 45 foram feitas RT-PCR e análise filogenética. O Ministério da Agricultura faz o registro e monitoramento das colônias de D. rotundus como parte da vigilância epidemiológica da Raiva. A análise espacial evidencia que há relação entre localização das propriedades, onde ocorre a doença, com as colônias cadastradas na região e que os surtos anuais estão relacionados principalmente com colônias de maternidade (42,63%) e de machos (44,88%). Os abrigos artificiais correspondem a 85,19% o que sugere a predileção da escolha de abrigos próximo a fonte alimentar. A introdução e a retirada desordenada de rebanhos em novas áreas antes controladas pode ser um indicativo de dispersão do vírus e a análise estatística indica que houve dispersão dos casos de raiva no período estudado. Na análise filogenética, houve a formação de 4 subclusters importantes, o que pode ser sugestivo de uma diversidade genética do vírus e uma possível regionalização viral. Além do risco direto com o D. rotundus, a exposição indireta ao vírus pelo contato com herbívoros suspeitos ocorreu em 84 pessoas, demonstrando o risco iminente à saúde pública. Medidas rigorosas de controle devem ser estabelecidas pelas autoridades competentes, e revisão da política atual de vacinação da raiva em herbívoros, que não é obrigatória, mesmo em áreas endêmicas, investir na vigilância epidemiológica da raiva em herbívoros e em atividades de educação sanitária.
In Brazil, infection by the rabies virus is a serious public health problem and caused the death of ten people in 2018, all transmitted by hematophagus bats (Desmodus rotundus), also responsible for the death of more than 40,000 livestock, and economic losses were estimated at 15 million dollars annually. anthropic changes in the environment are responsible for the increase in the number of this species of chiroptera, increasing the number of disease outbreaks becasuse livestock intensification, and other human activities have reduced the abundance of its wild prey but have also provided new and abundant shelter and foraging. Some regions of the country, such as the state of São Paulo, have had recent outbreaks. From 2016 to 2018 were sent to the Zoonosis Diagnosis Service (SDZ) - UNESP / Botucatu, 269 samples from central nervous system of bovines for the diagnosis of rabies by direct fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation test. Of these, 104 were positive and were included in the study, reaching 25 municipalities in the Midwest region of the state of São Paulo for georeferencing and statistical analysis, and of these, 45 sample of isolates of bovines rabies ware performed RT-PCR and phylogenetic analysis. The Ministry of Agriculture records and monitors D. rotundus roosts as part of the rabies epidemiology. A spatial analysis shows that there is a relationship between location, where disease occurs, with roosts registered in the region and that outbreaks are mainly related to harens (42.63%) and males (44.88%). The artificial roosts correspond to 85.19%, which suggests a predilection for the choice of roosts close to the food source and foraging resources. The introduction and disorderly removal of cattle in new areas previously controlled may be indicative of virus dispersion and the statistical analysis indicates that there was a dispersion of cases of rabies in the studied period. In the phylogenetic analysis, 4 important subclusters were formed, which may be suggestive of a genetic diversity of the virus and a possible viral regionalization. In addition to the direct risk with D. rotundus, indirect exposure to the virus direct contact with suspected cattle occurred in 84 people, demonstrating the imminent risk to public health. Strict control measures must be applied by the competent authorities, and a review of the current policy of vaccination against rabies in herbivores, which is not compulsory, even in endemic areas, and invest in the epidemiology of rabies in herbivores and in health education activities.
In Brazil, infection by the rabies virus is a serious public health problem and caused the death of ten people in 2018, all transmitted by hematophagus bats (Desmodus rotundus), also responsible for the death of more than 40,000 livestock, and economic losses were estimated at 15 million dollars annually. anthropic changes in the environment are responsible for the increase in the number of this species of chiroptera, increasing the number of disease outbreaks becasuse livestock intensification, and other human activities have reduced the abundance of its wild prey but have also provided new and abundant shelter and foraging. Some regions of the country, such as the state of São Paulo, have had recent outbreaks. From 2016 to 2018 were sent to the Zoonosis Diagnosis Service (SDZ) - UNESP / Botucatu, 269 samples from central nervous system of bovines for the diagnosis of rabies by direct fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation test. Of these, 104 were positive and were included in the study, reaching 25 municipalities in the Midwest region of the state of São Paulo for georeferencing and statistical analysis, and of these, 45 sample of isolates of bovines rabies ware performed RT-PCR and phylogenetic analysis. The Ministry of Agriculture records and monitors D. rotundus roosts as part of the rabies epidemiology. A spatial analysis shows that there is a relationship between location, where disease occurs, with roosts registered in the region and that outbreaks are mainly related to harens (42.63%) and males (44.88%). The artificial roosts correspond to 85.19%, which suggests a predilection for the choice of roosts close to the food source and foraging resources. The introduction and disorderly removal of cattle in new areas previously controlled may be indicative of virus dispersion and the statistical analysis indicates that there was a dispersion of cases of rabies in the studied period. In the phylogenetic analysis, 4 important subclusters were formed, which may be suggestive of a genetic diversity of the virus and a possible viral regionalization. In addition to the direct risk with D. rotundus, indirect exposure to the virus direct contact with suspected cattle occurred in 84 people, demonstrating the imminent risk to public health. Strict control measures must be applied by the competent authorities, and a review of the current policy of vaccination against rabies in herbivores, which is not compulsory, even in endemic areas, and invest in the epidemiology of rabies in herbivores and in health education activities.
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Palavras-chave
Raiva, Bovinos, Saúde Pública, Rabies, Cattle, Public health