Proposta metodológica de conectividade florestal e análise de gases de efeito estufa em bacias hidrográficas
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Data
2020-02-03
Autores
Sacramento, Bruna Henrique
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Em um cenário de fragmentação florestal da Mata Atlântica e mudanças climáticas, ações para implementação de conectividade entre remanescentes florestais permitem a resiliência desse bioma e a redução de emissão de gases de efeito estufa. O presente estudo teve como objetivo elaborar uma proposta metodológica para estabelecimento de conectividade de fragmentos florestais remanescentes de Mata Atlântica e avaliar e comparar os cenários de emissões de gases de efeito estufa com e sem a implementação de um projeto de Redução de Emissões por Desflorestamento e Degradação Florestal (REDD) em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica inseridos na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Sorocabuçu, em Ibiúna, São Paulo, Brasil. Para elaboração da base cartográfica, foram vetorizados curvas de nível, pontos cotados e hidrografia a partir de cartas topográficas em escala 1: 10.000. Foi elaborado um Modelo Digital de Terreno por Rede Irregular Triangular e gerada a declividade percentual da área de estudo, classificada de acordo com o relevo. Foi feita a compartimentação morfométrica da bacia hidrográfica. O mapeamento do uso do solo e cobertura vegetal foi feito por interpretação visual de ortofoto Vexcel Ultracam com resolução espacial de 0,45 m, referente a 2010. Com o auxílio do Google Earth Pro, foram realizadas retificações para 2019. Foram avaliadas métricas de paisagem com relação ao tamanho, borda, forma e isolamento de fragmentos florestais pela extensão Patch Analyst, além do Índice de Exposição Antrópica (IEA). Foram determinadas as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) de acordo com o Código Florestal Brasileiro. Também foi determinada a Capacidade de Uso da Terra da área de estudo. Informações quanto a declividade, APP, isolamento, Uso do Solo e Cobertura Vegetal, Capacidade de Uso da Terra e IEA foram ponderadas por meio de Análise Hierárquica de Processos (AHP) para determinação dos locais com Viabilidade para Conectividade Florestal (VCF). A Proposta de Conectividade Florestal (PCF) abordou dados da VCF e aspectos legais. Foram modelados cenários de emissão de gases de efeito estufa por meio da ferramenta REDD para 30 anos. Os procedimentos foram realizados no ArcGIS 10.6 e no TerrSet 18.10. A altitude da BHRS variou entre 837,02 e 1.203,34 m. As declividades médias do baixo, médio e alto cursos foram de 24,35%, 20,30% e 13,14%, respectivamente. Em ambos os períodos analisados, a classe de uso do solo com maior representação foi Mata. Os fragmentos florestais do baixo curso apresentaram maior isolamento médio. No baixo e no médio curso os fragmentos florestais apresentaram IEA baixo e médio. 65,59% das APP apresentam-se conservadas. 61,77% da BHRS foi recomenda para uso conservacionista, de acordo com a Capacidade de Uso da Terra. Quanto à VCF, a AHP demonstrou razão de consistência satisfatória (8,7%) e 71,45% da BHRS possui alta VCF. Por meio da PCF foram delimitadas 11 faixas de conectividade florestal na área de estudo. Pelos dados da modelagem REDD, o projeto de conectividade florestal representaria uma redução de 78% de emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Projetos dessa natureza são relevantes, dada a importância da vegetação para a paisagem e da Mata Atlântica para a biodiversidade mundial.
In a scenario of Atlantic Forest fragmentation and climate change, actions to implement forest connectivity between remnants allow the resilience of this biome and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study was to elaborate a methodological proposal for determination of connectivity of remnant forest fragments of Atlantic Forest and to evaluate and to compare perspectives of greenhouse gases emissions with and without a Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) project in Atlantic Forest fragments inserted in the Sorocabuçu River Basin in Ibiúna, São Paulo, Brazil. To elaborate the cartographic base, level curves, quoted points and hydrography were digitalized from topographic charts on a scale of 1: 10,000. It was generated a Digital Terrain Model by Triangular Irregular Net and the percentage slope of the study area, classified according to the relief. Morphometric compartmentalization of the watershed was done. The mapping of the land use and vegetation cover was done by visual interpretation of orthophoto Vexcel Ultracam with spatial resolution of 0.45 m, referring to 2010. With the aid of Google Earth Pro, adjustments were made for 2019. Landscape metrics were evaluated in relation to the size, border, shape and isolation of forest fragments through the Patch Analyst extension, besides Anthropic Exposure Index (IEA). Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) were determined according to the Brazilian Forest Code. The Land Use Capacity of the study area was also determined. Data of slope, APP, isolation, Land Use and Vegetation Cover, Land Use Capacity and IEA were weighted by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the sites with Viability for Forest Connectivity (VCF). The Proposal of Forestry Connectivity (PCF) was done with VCF data and legal information. It was modeled greenhouse emission scenarios with REDD tool for 30 years. The procedures were performed in ArcGIS 10.6 and TerrSet 18.10. The height of the BHRS ranged from 837.02 to 1,203.34 m. The mean slopes of the low, medium and high courses were 24.35%, 20.30% and 13.14%, respectively. In both analyzed periods, the land use class with the highest representation was Mata. The low course forest fragments had the highest average isolation. In the low and middle courses the forest fragments presented low and medium IEA. 65.59% of the APP are conserved. 61.77% of the BHRS was recommended for conservationist use, according to Land Use Capacity. About VCF, AHP demonstrated satisfactory consistency ratio (8.7%) and 71.45% of BHRS had high VCF. It was delimited 11 areas for forestal connectivity in the study area. By the model REDD data, the forestall connectivity project would represent a reduction of 78% of greenhouse gases emission. Projects like this one are relevant because of the importance of vegetation to the landscape and the Atlantic Forest to global biodiversity.
In a scenario of Atlantic Forest fragmentation and climate change, actions to implement forest connectivity between remnants allow the resilience of this biome and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study was to elaborate a methodological proposal for determination of connectivity of remnant forest fragments of Atlantic Forest and to evaluate and to compare perspectives of greenhouse gases emissions with and without a Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) project in Atlantic Forest fragments inserted in the Sorocabuçu River Basin in Ibiúna, São Paulo, Brazil. To elaborate the cartographic base, level curves, quoted points and hydrography were digitalized from topographic charts on a scale of 1: 10,000. It was generated a Digital Terrain Model by Triangular Irregular Net and the percentage slope of the study area, classified according to the relief. Morphometric compartmentalization of the watershed was done. The mapping of the land use and vegetation cover was done by visual interpretation of orthophoto Vexcel Ultracam with spatial resolution of 0.45 m, referring to 2010. With the aid of Google Earth Pro, adjustments were made for 2019. Landscape metrics were evaluated in relation to the size, border, shape and isolation of forest fragments through the Patch Analyst extension, besides Anthropic Exposure Index (IEA). Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) were determined according to the Brazilian Forest Code. The Land Use Capacity of the study area was also determined. Data of slope, APP, isolation, Land Use and Vegetation Cover, Land Use Capacity and IEA were weighted by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the sites with Viability for Forest Connectivity (VCF). The Proposal of Forestry Connectivity (PCF) was done with VCF data and legal information. It was modeled greenhouse emission scenarios with REDD tool for 30 years. The procedures were performed in ArcGIS 10.6 and TerrSet 18.10. The height of the BHRS ranged from 837.02 to 1,203.34 m. The mean slopes of the low, medium and high courses were 24.35%, 20.30% and 13.14%, respectively. In both analyzed periods, the land use class with the highest representation was Mata. The low course forest fragments had the highest average isolation. In the low and middle courses the forest fragments presented low and medium IEA. 65.59% of the APP are conserved. 61.77% of the BHRS was recommended for conservationist use, according to Land Use Capacity. About VCF, AHP demonstrated satisfactory consistency ratio (8.7%) and 71.45% of BHRS had high VCF. It was delimited 11 areas for forestal connectivity in the study area. By the model REDD data, the forestall connectivity project would represent a reduction of 78% of greenhouse gases emission. Projects like this one are relevant because of the importance of vegetation to the landscape and the Atlantic Forest to global biodiversity.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Geoprocessamento, Ecologia de Paisagem, Mata Atlântica, Mudanças climáticas, REDD, Geoprocessing, Landscape Ecology, Atlantic Forest, Climate changes