O papel de agentes e sujeitos na implantação de políticas públicas e no ordenamento e gestão territorial da resex Delta do Parnaíba-MA
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Data
2019-12-13
Autores
Costa, Francisco Wendell Dias [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A problemática desta pesquisa está relacionada na vagarosidade do poder público e de instrumentos legais no processo de implantação de políticas públicas e na gestão ambiental e no ordenamento territorial na RESEX do Delta do Parnaíba, mesmo após 19 anos de sua criação. Visto isso, a pesquisa tem por objetivo geral compreender a dinâmica ambiental da RESEX Delta do Parnaíba, analisando o papel exercido pelos agentes e sujeitos na consolidação como Unidade de Conservação de Uso Sustentável. A abordagem teórica-metodológica da pesquisa está sustentada no Sistema GTP (Geossistema-Paisagem-Território), apoiado no método dialético. Para tanto, os procedimentos metodológicos são: revisão bibliográfica; aquisição e análise de imagens de satélites; utilização de softwares para a manipulação de imagens de satélites e elaboração de mapas temáticos; trabalhos de campo; aplicação de questionários semiestruturados aos moradores locais, donos das pousadas e turistas; preenchimento de uma matriz de unidades de paisagem/impactos ambientais e de uma ficha de avaliação do potencial turístico e registro fotográfico. Os resultados apontam que a RESEX do Delta do Parnaíba está inserida nos domínios da Bacia Sedimentar do Parnaíba. As faces geomorfológicas são os cordões de dunas; planície eólica, planície fluviomarinha inundável e terraços fluviomarinhos. O clima é Tropical Subúmido. A vegetação é composta por Rhizophora mangle (mangue vermelho), Laguncularia racemosa (mangue branco) e Conocarpus erectus (mangue de bolota) e Copernicia prunifera (carnaúba). Os solos são o Gleissolo Tiomórfico Órtico; Gleissolo Sálico Sódico e Neossolo Quartzarênico. A RESEX do Delta do Paraíba possui 6 comunidades (Passarinho, Canárias, Morro do Meio, Axixá, Torto e Caiçara), totalizando 2.841 famílias e 3.600 habitantes, que vivem da pesca artesanal; da cata do Ucides cordatus (caranguejo-ucá), coleta do Mytella charruana (sururu) e da Ostrea edulis (ostras); da agricultura de subsistência; do artesanato sustentável e como guias turísticos. A RESEX do Delta do Parnaíba configura-se como lugar turístico e paisagem turística, apresentando impactos ambientais como presença de resíduos sólidos, emissão do óleo dos motores das embarcações e erosão das margens. O processo de gestão ambiental e ordenamento territorial da RESEX do Delta do Parnaíba é composto por um conjunto de instrumentos legais que deveriam, em tese, agir em prol das comunidades. Entretanto, o principal entre eles, o Plano de Manejo, ainda não está concluído, inviabilizando uma gestão ‘efetiva’. Por outro lado, existe o Instrumento Emergencial para Ordenamento dos Usos na Reserva Extrativista Marinha do Delta do Parnaíba, Regras de Uso Sustentável dos Recursos Provenientes dos Manguezais na Área Deltaica da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Parnaíba e na Reserva Extrativista Marinha do Delta do Parnaíba em Especial o Caranguejo-Uçá e a Ostra e o Conselho Deliberativo que visam orientar as principais atividades a serem realizadas dentro da RESEX.
The main issue addressed by this study relates to the slowness of public authorities and legal instruments in implementing public policies, and to environmental management and territorial planning in the Delta do Parnaíba Marine Extractive Reserve (RESEX), even 19 years after its creation. Therefore, the present study aims to understand the environmental dynamics of the Delta do Parnaíba RESEX by analyzing the role of agents and subjects in its consolidation as a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit. The theoretical-methodological approach of the study drew on the GTP (Geosystem-Territory-Landscape) system, underpinned by the dialectical method. To that end, the methodological procedures comprised: bibliographic review; acquisition and analysis of satellite images; use of software to manipulate the satellite images and create thematic maps; field work; semi-structured questionnaires completed by local residents, inn owners, and tourists; filling out a matrix of landscape units/environmental impacts and a tourist potential assessment form, besides photographic recording. The results indicate that the Delta do Parnaíba RESEX is inserted in the domains of the Parnaíba sedimentary basin. The geomorphological processes comprise lines of dunes, wind plateaus, fluvial floodplains, and fluvial-marine terraces. The region has a tropical sub-humid climate, and its vegetation is composed of Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove), Conocarpus erectus (button mangrove) and Copernicia prunifera (carnaúba palm). The soils in the region include Orthic Tiomorphic Gleissol, Salic Sodium Gleissol, and Quartzarenic Neosol. The Delta do Parnaíba RESEX has 6 communities (Passarinho, Canárias, Morro do Meio, Axixá, Torto, and Caiçara), totaling 2,841 families and 3,600 inhabitants living from artisanal fishing; catching of Ucides cordatus (crabs), Mytella charruana (mussels) and Ostrea edulis (oysters); subsistence agriculture; crafts; and as tour guides. The Delta do Parnaíba RESEX is a tourist place and landscape, with environmental impacts such as the presence of solid waste, oil emission from ship engines, and bank erosion. The processes of environmental management and territorial planning of the Delta do Parnaíba RESEX encompass a set of legal instruments that in theory should benefit the local community. However, the main instrument among them, i.e. the Management Plan, has not yet been concluded, thus impairing the implementation of ‘effective’ management. There are however other instruments, such as the ‘Emergency Instrument for the Management of Uses in the Delta do Parnaíba Marine Extractive Reserve’, the ‘Rules of Sustainable Use of Mangrove Resources in the Environmental Protection Area of Delta do Parnaíba and in the Delta do Parnaíba Marine Extractive Reserve, Especially Fiddler Crabs and Oysters’, and the Deliberative Council, all of them aimed at guiding the main activities carried out within RESEX.
The main issue addressed by this study relates to the slowness of public authorities and legal instruments in implementing public policies, and to environmental management and territorial planning in the Delta do Parnaíba Marine Extractive Reserve (RESEX), even 19 years after its creation. Therefore, the present study aims to understand the environmental dynamics of the Delta do Parnaíba RESEX by analyzing the role of agents and subjects in its consolidation as a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit. The theoretical-methodological approach of the study drew on the GTP (Geosystem-Territory-Landscape) system, underpinned by the dialectical method. To that end, the methodological procedures comprised: bibliographic review; acquisition and analysis of satellite images; use of software to manipulate the satellite images and create thematic maps; field work; semi-structured questionnaires completed by local residents, inn owners, and tourists; filling out a matrix of landscape units/environmental impacts and a tourist potential assessment form, besides photographic recording. The results indicate that the Delta do Parnaíba RESEX is inserted in the domains of the Parnaíba sedimentary basin. The geomorphological processes comprise lines of dunes, wind plateaus, fluvial floodplains, and fluvial-marine terraces. The region has a tropical sub-humid climate, and its vegetation is composed of Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove), Conocarpus erectus (button mangrove) and Copernicia prunifera (carnaúba palm). The soils in the region include Orthic Tiomorphic Gleissol, Salic Sodium Gleissol, and Quartzarenic Neosol. The Delta do Parnaíba RESEX has 6 communities (Passarinho, Canárias, Morro do Meio, Axixá, Torto, and Caiçara), totaling 2,841 families and 3,600 inhabitants living from artisanal fishing; catching of Ucides cordatus (crabs), Mytella charruana (mussels) and Ostrea edulis (oysters); subsistence agriculture; crafts; and as tour guides. The Delta do Parnaíba RESEX is a tourist place and landscape, with environmental impacts such as the presence of solid waste, oil emission from ship engines, and bank erosion. The processes of environmental management and territorial planning of the Delta do Parnaíba RESEX encompass a set of legal instruments that in theory should benefit the local community. However, the main instrument among them, i.e. the Management Plan, has not yet been concluded, thus impairing the implementation of ‘effective’ management. There are however other instruments, such as the ‘Emergency Instrument for the Management of Uses in the Delta do Parnaíba Marine Extractive Reserve’, the ‘Rules of Sustainable Use of Mangrove Resources in the Environmental Protection Area of Delta do Parnaíba and in the Delta do Parnaíba Marine Extractive Reserve, Especially Fiddler Crabs and Oysters’, and the Deliberative Council, all of them aimed at guiding the main activities carried out within RESEX.
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Palavras-chave
Gestão, Turismo, Plano de manejo, RESEX, Parnaíba, Management, Tourism, Management plan