Estudo citogenético de dois grupos de anuros brasileiros (Anura – Amphibia) envolvidos em problemáticas taxonômicas
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Data
2020-02-19
Autores
Cholak, Luiza Rieder
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os anfíbios anuros correspondem ao segundo grupo de vertebrados com maior número de espécies, perdendo apenas para os peixes. Só no Brasil são mais de 1000 espécies descritas, com novas descrições e revalidações acontecendo todo ano. Esse grupo está envolvido em diversas problemáticas taxonômicas, em parte por ser altamente polimórfico e ao mesmo tempo conter muitas espécies crípticas, em parte por ainda haver muitas lacunas no conhecimento acerca desse grupo, dado o tamanho da sua diversidade. Resolver problemáticas envolvendo esse grupo de vertebrados é fundamental para melhor estimar o tamanho real dessa diversidade, entender os caminhos evolutivos e as relações filogenéticas no grupo e poder auxiliar na conservação das espécies, traçando planos de manejo adequados, já que o declínio de anfíbios devido à perda e fragmentação de habitat, contaminação de ambientes naturais e disseminação de doenças tem aumentado vertiginosamente. Para isso, a taxonomia moderna conta com a soma de diferentes informações a respeito dos grupos, além dos dados morfológicos já tradicionalmente utilizados. Uma das áreas que tem se mostrado promissora como uma ferramenta de auxílio na taxonomia é a citogenética, especialmente depois do advento da citogenômica, além da sua importância para o entendimento da evolução cromossômica dos grupos. No entanto, trabalhos citogenéticos, especialmente aqueles aliados à biologia molecular, são escassos em anuros. Seguindo essa linha, esse trabalho buscou obter marcadores moleculares que pudessem auxiliar no esclarecimento de questões taxonômicas acerca de dois grupos de anuros endêmicos do Brasil, Thoropa Cope, 1865 e Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824). Para isso foram utilizados marcadores convencionais e moleculares, além de análises citogenômicas, com o auxílio de programas de bioinformática.
Anuran amphibians corresponds to one of the most diverse vertebrate groups, second only to fishes. In Brazil alone there are more than 1000 described species, with new descriptions and revalidations happening every year. This group is involved in several taxonomic issues, partially because it is highly polymorphic and at the same time contains many cryptic species, partially because there are still many gaps in knowledge about this group, given the size of its diversity. To solve these problems is a fundamental step to better estimate its true size, to understand the evolutionary pathways and phylogenetic relationships in the group and also to be able to contribute to the conservation of the species by helping to draw appropriate management plans, as the decline of amphibians due to habitat loss and fragmentation, contamination of natural environments and the spread of disease has increased dramatically. For this, modern taxonomy relies on the sum of different data about the groups, besides the morphological data traditionally used. One of the areas that has shown promise as a taxonomy tool is cytogenetics, especially after the advent of cytogenomics, in addition to its importance for understanding the chromosomal evolution of groups. However, cytogenetic studies, especially those allied to molecular biology, are scarce in anurans. Following this line, this work sought, through the cytogenetic study, using conventional molecular markers, and cytogenomic, with the help of bioinformatics softwares in obtaining more specific markers, to add data that can clarify taxonomic questions about two groups of endemic anurans of Brazil, Thoropa Cope, 1865 and Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824).
Anuran amphibians corresponds to one of the most diverse vertebrate groups, second only to fishes. In Brazil alone there are more than 1000 described species, with new descriptions and revalidations happening every year. This group is involved in several taxonomic issues, partially because it is highly polymorphic and at the same time contains many cryptic species, partially because there are still many gaps in knowledge about this group, given the size of its diversity. To solve these problems is a fundamental step to better estimate its true size, to understand the evolutionary pathways and phylogenetic relationships in the group and also to be able to contribute to the conservation of the species by helping to draw appropriate management plans, as the decline of amphibians due to habitat loss and fragmentation, contamination of natural environments and the spread of disease has increased dramatically. For this, modern taxonomy relies on the sum of different data about the groups, besides the morphological data traditionally used. One of the areas that has shown promise as a taxonomy tool is cytogenetics, especially after the advent of cytogenomics, in addition to its importance for understanding the chromosomal evolution of groups. However, cytogenetic studies, especially those allied to molecular biology, are scarce in anurans. Following this line, this work sought, through the cytogenetic study, using conventional molecular markers, and cytogenomic, with the help of bioinformatics softwares in obtaining more specific markers, to add data that can clarify taxonomic questions about two groups of endemic anurans of Brazil, Thoropa Cope, 1865 and Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824).
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Palavras-chave
Citogenômica, DNA repetitivo, Thoropa, Haddadus binotatus, Cytogenomics, Repetitive DNA