A influência da topografia na identificação de centralidades urbanas: estudo de caso no município de Barra do Piraí, Rio de Janeiro
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Data
2020-03-02
Autores
Fontoura Júnior, Caio Flávio Martinez [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A expansão urbana vem formando aglomerados populacionais desordenados, o que causa problemas para a administração municipal. A fim de reduzir este tipo de problema, uma das maneiras de reorganizar o território é o policentrismo, conceito que vem sendo aplicado em grande parte da área urbana de diversos países como Estados Unidos, China e países da Europa. O policentrismo pode ser entendido como uma área urbana com pluralidade de centros urbanos. Há duas abordagens para identificar possíveis centralidades: a morfológica e a funcional. Além disso, não foi encontrado quaisquer resultados de trabalhos científicos que tenham utilizado a variável inclinação do relevo nas análises de identificação de centralidades urbanas. Dessa maneira, a variável declividade pode ser um fator impactante na determinação de uma centralidade ou núcleo urbano para localidades brasileiras e que tenha característica similares da área de estudo. O objetivo desse trabalho propõe um estudo para a identificação de centralidades ou a possibilidade de identificar novos núcleos urbanos, por meio da avaliação da morfologia do terreno na formação de subcentros no município de Barra do Piraí no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram adquiridos arquivos vetoriais da base cartográfica do IBGE 2018, que posteriormente foram tratados e analisados. A fim de compreender a identificação de centralidades foram realizadas análises com a utilização da abordagem morfológica: Componentes Principais (CP), o Índice Global de Moran, o Indicador Local de Associação Espacial – LISA, o Average Nearest Neighbor e o Estimador de Densidade kernel. Além disso, foi feita a sobreposição de dados de localização de residências com a declividade com duas classes (áreas permitidas e áreas não permitidas). Os resultados apontam que pelas análises de CP, Índice Global de Moran e o LISA, foi possível analisar inicialmente que há padrões de aglomerados. Porém, a aplicação somente desses métodos não foi suficiente indicar algumas centralidades no município. A partir das análises com a função do Average Nearest Neighbor e o Estimador de Densidade kernel foi criado uma superfície, na qual as possíveis residências e demais construções estão localizadas no espaço de maneira concentrada nos distritos, principalmente ao longo das vias e ao longo das encostas dos morros. Dessa maneira, o método se mostrou como uma função que apoia a identificação de centralidades, pois possibilitou conhecer a distribuição espacial da população em área específica. A variável declividade se apresentou como um fator preponderante na identificação de centralidades, e indicou quatro distritos possíveis que apresentam espaços apropriados para expansão de subcentralidades: Dorândia, Ipiabas, Vargem Alegre e Califórnia da Barra. Para a expansão territorial dos centros urbanos a declividade se mostrou um aspecto que limita o crescimento urbano, tornando certas regiões, como a Sede do município limitado pela declividade.
The urban expansion has been creating disorderly population agglomerations, which causes problems for the municipal administration. In order to reduce this type of problem, one of the ways to reorganize the territory is polycentrism, a concept that has been applied in a large part of the urban area of several countries such as the United States, China, and countries in Europe. Polycentrism can be understood as an urban area with a plurality of urban centers. There are two approaches to identify possible centralities: the morphological and the functional. In addition, no results were found from scientific studies that have used the variable slope of relief in the analysis of identification of urban centralities. Thus, the slope variable can be an impacting factor in determining a centrality or urban nucleus for Brazilian locations and which has similar characteristics of the study area. The aim of this work proposes a study for the identification of centralities or the possibility of identifying new urban centers, through the evaluation of the morphology of the land in the formation of sub-centers in the municipality of Barra do Piraí in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vector files were acquired from the IBGE 2018 cartographic base, which were later treated and analyzed. To understand the identification of centralities, analyzes were performed using the morphological approach: Principal Components (CP), the Moran Global Index, the Local Indicator of Spatial Association - LISA, the Average Nearest Neighbor and the kernel Density Estimator. Besides, overlapping household location data was made with the slope with two classes (permitted areas and nonpermitted areas). The results show that through the analysis of CP, Moran's Global Index, and LISA, it was possible to initially analyze that there are cluster patterns. However, the application of these methods alone was not sufficient to indicate some centralities in the municipality. From the analysis with the Average Nearest Neighbor function and the kernel Density Estimator, a surface was created, on which the possible residences and other constructions are located in space in a concentrated way in the districts, mainly along the roads and along the slopes the hills. In this way, the method proved to be a function that supports the identification of centralities, as it allows us to know the spatial distribution of the population in the specific area. A slope variable presents itself as a major factor in the identification of centralities and it indicates four possible districts that have specific spaces for expansion of subcentralities: Dorândia, Ipiabas, Vargem Alegre and Califórnia da Barra. For a territorial expansion of urban centers, the slope may have an aspect that limits urban growth, causing certain regions, such as the Municipality's headquarters limited by the slope.
The urban expansion has been creating disorderly population agglomerations, which causes problems for the municipal administration. In order to reduce this type of problem, one of the ways to reorganize the territory is polycentrism, a concept that has been applied in a large part of the urban area of several countries such as the United States, China, and countries in Europe. Polycentrism can be understood as an urban area with a plurality of urban centers. There are two approaches to identify possible centralities: the morphological and the functional. In addition, no results were found from scientific studies that have used the variable slope of relief in the analysis of identification of urban centralities. Thus, the slope variable can be an impacting factor in determining a centrality or urban nucleus for Brazilian locations and which has similar characteristics of the study area. The aim of this work proposes a study for the identification of centralities or the possibility of identifying new urban centers, through the evaluation of the morphology of the land in the formation of sub-centers in the municipality of Barra do Piraí in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vector files were acquired from the IBGE 2018 cartographic base, which were later treated and analyzed. To understand the identification of centralities, analyzes were performed using the morphological approach: Principal Components (CP), the Moran Global Index, the Local Indicator of Spatial Association - LISA, the Average Nearest Neighbor and the kernel Density Estimator. Besides, overlapping household location data was made with the slope with two classes (permitted areas and nonpermitted areas). The results show that through the analysis of CP, Moran's Global Index, and LISA, it was possible to initially analyze that there are cluster patterns. However, the application of these methods alone was not sufficient to indicate some centralities in the municipality. From the analysis with the Average Nearest Neighbor function and the kernel Density Estimator, a surface was created, on which the possible residences and other constructions are located in space in a concentrated way in the districts, mainly along the roads and along the slopes the hills. In this way, the method proved to be a function that supports the identification of centralities, as it allows us to know the spatial distribution of the population in the specific area. A slope variable presents itself as a major factor in the identification of centralities and it indicates four possible districts that have specific spaces for expansion of subcentralities: Dorândia, Ipiabas, Vargem Alegre and Califórnia da Barra. For a territorial expansion of urban centers, the slope may have an aspect that limits urban growth, causing certain regions, such as the Municipality's headquarters limited by the slope.
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Palavras-chave
Policentrismo, Planejamento urbano, Abordagem morfológica, Componente principal, Estimador de densidade Kernel, Índice global de Moran, Indicador Local de Associação Espacial – LISA, Average Nearest Neighbor, Polycentrism, Urban planning, Morphological approach, Principal component, kernel density estimator, Moran global index, Local Indicator of Spatial Association – LISA