Correlação entre características fonético-fonológicas da fala e características ortográficas da escrita em crianças com alterações fonológicas
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Data
2020-04-28
Autores
Guilherme, Jhulya [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A proposta desta pesquisa foi investigar possível correlação entre características fonético-fonológicas da fala e características ortográficas da escrita em crianças com alterações fonológicas para melhor conhecê-la, pois a literatura apresenta divergências em relação a esse assunto. Pensando nessas divergências, formulamos duas perguntas de pesquisa: (1) existiria relação de dependência entre erros de fala e erros de escrita em seu plano ortográfico?; e (2) se essa relação existir, qual seria sua natureza? Pensando em possíveis respostas a essas perguntas, formulamos as hipóteses: (i) crianças com alterações fonológicas apresentariam também alterações ortográficas e, ainda, seus possíveis erros de fala apresentariam correlação positiva com seus erros de ortografia. No entanto, como há subtipos de alterações fonológicas, esperase que (ii) essa diferenciação se mostre nas características segmentais da fala e nas características ortográficas em função desses diferentes subtipos, especialmente no que diz respeito às classes fonológicas. Para isso assumimos que crianças com alterações fonológicas teriam problemas em sua representação fonológica; consequentemente, como a ortografia do Português Brasileiro se sustenta (também) em princípios fonológicos, esse aspecto da escrita dessas crianças estaria comprometido. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo primeiro comparar e correlacionar achados fonético-fonológicos da fala e achados ortográficos em crianças com alterações fonológicas e, como objetivo segundo, explorar a natureza dos erros de fala e de ortografia em relação à classe fonológica e ao subtipo de alteração fonológica. Foram selecionadas 10 crianças com diagnóstico de “transtorno fonológico”, sendo 5 com atraso fonológico e 5 com distúrbio fonológico consistente atípico. Foram realizadas (1) avaliação de aspectos fonético-fonológicos da fala e (2) avaliação do desempenho ortográfico – ambas com uso do instrumento PERCEFAL – nas classes consonantais: oclusivas, fricativas, nasais e líquidas. Os aspectos da fala foram analisados pelo levantamento de: (1) inventário fonético; (2) sistema fonológico; e (3) cálculo da Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas – Revisado (PCC-R), que indica o grau de gravidade do “transtorno fonológico”. Os aspectos ortográficos foram analisados pela: (1) caracterização dos erros ortográficos; e (2) cálculo da Porcentagem de Grafemas Corretos Consonantais (PGCC). Em seguida, foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e inferencial dos dados por meio de testes pertinentes para comparar e correlacionar índices relativos à produção de fala (PCC-R) e ao desempenho ortográfico (PGCC), a saber, T-test for dependent samples e Correlations. Sobre os resultados, quanto ao primeiro objetivo, a fala apresentou maior porcentagem de acertos do que a ortografia, além da ausência de correlação entre características fonético-fonológicas da fala e características ortográficas da escrita. Quanto ao segundo objetivo, os erros que mais ocorreram foram substituições fonológicas na fala e na ortografia. Além disso, as classes que se diferenciaram estatisticamente em relação às substituições fonológicas foram as das fricativas e das líquidas. Por fim, os subtipos de alteração fonológica não se diferenciaram estatisticamente. Concluímos que, embora todas as crianças apresentaram erros ortográficos, essas alterações não se correlacionaram com as alterações da fala, não apresentando, portanto, uma relação direta.
The proposal of this research was to investigate a possible correlation between phonetic-phonological characteristics of speech and orthographic characteristics of writing in children with speech sound disorders (SSD) to clarify the knowledge about it, because in literature there are divergences related to this subject. Regarding these divergences we formulate two research questions: (1) is there a relation of dependence between speech production errors and orthographic errors?; and (2) if this relation does exist, what would be its nature? Thinking about possible answers to these questions we developed the hypotheses: (i) children with SSD may also present orthographic errors, and, moreover, speech production errors may present positive correlation with orthographic errors. However, as there are SSD subtypes, thus, it is expected that (ii) this difference shows up in the segmental characteristics of speech and in the orthographic characteristics of children due to the subtypes, especially regarding to phonological classes. We assume that children with SSD would also have problem in their phonological representation. Hence, as orthography in Brazilian Portuguese is based (also) in phonological principles, this aspect of writing in these children would also be affected. The first aim of this research was to compare and to correlate phonetic-phonological findings of speech and orthographic findings in children with SSD, and the second aim was to explore the nature of SSD and orthography disorders in relation to the phonological class and the SSD subtype. Ten children with a “phonological disorder” diagnosis were selected, being five of them with phonological delay and five with atypical consistent phonological disorder. The following procedures were performed: (1) assessment of phonetic-phonological aspects of speech production and (2) assessment of orthographic performance – both using the PERCEFAL tool – in consonantal classes: fricatives, plosives and sonorants. The speech aspects were analyzed by the data survey:(1) phonetic inventory; (2) phonological system; and (3) the calculation of Correct Consonant Percentual – Revised (PCC-R), which indicates the severity of SSD. The orthographic aspects were analyzed by: (1) characterization of orthographic errors; and (2) calculation of Correct Consonantal Graphemes Percentual (PGCC). Following this, a descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis was performed by using suitable tests to compare and to correlate the indexes related to speech production (PCC-R) and to orthographic performance (PGCC), i.e. the T-test for dependent samples and the Correlations test. As a result of the study, regarding to the first aim, speech had a higher hit percentual compared to orthography, and, in addition, there is no correlation between phoneticphonological characteristics of speech and orthographic characteristics of writing. Regarding to the second aim, the phonological replacements in speech and in orthography are the most frequent types of error. Moreover, the classes statistically different in relation to the phonological replacements were fricatives and liquids classes. Lastly, the SSD subtypes in this research had no statistical differences. We concluded that, although all children had orthographic errors, these changes were not correlated with the speech replacements, and, therefore, there was not a direct relationship between the evaluated abilities.
The proposal of this research was to investigate a possible correlation between phonetic-phonological characteristics of speech and orthographic characteristics of writing in children with speech sound disorders (SSD) to clarify the knowledge about it, because in literature there are divergences related to this subject. Regarding these divergences we formulate two research questions: (1) is there a relation of dependence between speech production errors and orthographic errors?; and (2) if this relation does exist, what would be its nature? Thinking about possible answers to these questions we developed the hypotheses: (i) children with SSD may also present orthographic errors, and, moreover, speech production errors may present positive correlation with orthographic errors. However, as there are SSD subtypes, thus, it is expected that (ii) this difference shows up in the segmental characteristics of speech and in the orthographic characteristics of children due to the subtypes, especially regarding to phonological classes. We assume that children with SSD would also have problem in their phonological representation. Hence, as orthography in Brazilian Portuguese is based (also) in phonological principles, this aspect of writing in these children would also be affected. The first aim of this research was to compare and to correlate phonetic-phonological findings of speech and orthographic findings in children with SSD, and the second aim was to explore the nature of SSD and orthography disorders in relation to the phonological class and the SSD subtype. Ten children with a “phonological disorder” diagnosis were selected, being five of them with phonological delay and five with atypical consistent phonological disorder. The following procedures were performed: (1) assessment of phonetic-phonological aspects of speech production and (2) assessment of orthographic performance – both using the PERCEFAL tool – in consonantal classes: fricatives, plosives and sonorants. The speech aspects were analyzed by the data survey:(1) phonetic inventory; (2) phonological system; and (3) the calculation of Correct Consonant Percentual – Revised (PCC-R), which indicates the severity of SSD. The orthographic aspects were analyzed by: (1) characterization of orthographic errors; and (2) calculation of Correct Consonantal Graphemes Percentual (PGCC). Following this, a descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis was performed by using suitable tests to compare and to correlate the indexes related to speech production (PCC-R) and to orthographic performance (PGCC), i.e. the T-test for dependent samples and the Correlations test. As a result of the study, regarding to the first aim, speech had a higher hit percentual compared to orthography, and, in addition, there is no correlation between phoneticphonological characteristics of speech and orthographic characteristics of writing. Regarding to the second aim, the phonological replacements in speech and in orthography are the most frequent types of error. Moreover, the classes statistically different in relation to the phonological replacements were fricatives and liquids classes. Lastly, the SSD subtypes in this research had no statistical differences. We concluded that, although all children had orthographic errors, these changes were not correlated with the speech replacements, and, therefore, there was not a direct relationship between the evaluated abilities.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Percepção de fala, Escrita manual, Linguagem infantil, Transtorno fonológico, Correlação de dados, Speech perception, Handwriting, Child language, Speech sound disorder, Data correlation