Polarização de opiniões nas mídias sociais: um estudo a partir da análise comportamental da cultura
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Data
2020-04-07
Autores
Aissa, Ana Paula Castro Teixeira
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Ultrapassando qualquer expectativa inicial de servir exclusivamente como um meio de comunicação interpessoal, as mídias sociais tornaram-se complexas fontes de informações que exercem grande influência e poder de persuasão no cotidiano de seus usuários. Essa ferramenta é tão adaptada ao modo de vida contemporâneo que viabiliza a imediaticidade do reforço e seus efeitos e promove a manutenção de laços afetivos e sociais através do uso de seus dispositivos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como principal objetivo identificar o fenômeno da polarização de opiniões utilizando uma abordagem multirreferenciada quanto à revisão da literatura, além de proceder um exame conceitual do tema a partir dos fundamentos da Análise do Comportamento, buscando descrever como os temas são percebidos através das respostas dos participantes da pesquisa. O estudo teve a participação de 53 estudantes do curso de Psicologia em duas cidades do interior do estado de São Paulo, que se posicionaram frente a temas polarizantes. Na bibliografia pesquisada constatou-se a grande capilaridade das mídias sociais e a influência de variáveis, como Fake News, Filtro Bolha, Bots e Pensamento Binário. Através dos pressupostos da Teoria das Molduras Relacionais (de Rose, 2016) verificou-se que funções atribuídas por treino direto a um estímulo passam a ser compartilhadas pelos estímulos coordenados a ele de modo que, sem necessidade de qualquer treino direto, as relações de coordenação (equivalência) podem reproduzir os efeitos do condicionamento respondente para estímulos que não tenham sido diretamente emparelhados com o estímulo incondicionado. No decorrer da dissertação foram exemplificadas situações de como isso ocorre no processo de polarização de opiniões. Nos dados encontrados a partir da análise da pesquisa aplicada foi possível observar nas respostas o relato de sentimentos de medo, raiva, ansiedade e ameaça, mesmo ressalvando que essa parcela dos dados não foi submetida a análise formalmente criteriosa, uma vez que não constavam do plano de pesquisa a aplicação de instrumentos específicos de diagnóstico psicológico. O que se verifica é a grande influência das mídias sociais no controle e manipulação de comportamentos, embora ainda não haja completa clareza em como ocorrem tais manipulações e a quem, de fato, beneficiam. A partir dessa constatação são necessários mais estudos que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de intervenções que fortaleçam comportamentos de indulgência e tolerância, bem como um maior controle das ferramentas que disseminam o ódio e preconceito, principalmente nas mídias sociais.
Exceeding any initial expectation of serving exclusively as a means of interpersonal communication, social media have become complex sources of information that exert great influence and power of persuasion in the daily lives of its users. This tool is so adapted to the contemporary way of life that it makes the reinforcement immediate and its effects viable and promotes the maintenance of affective and social ties through the use of its devices. In this context, this work has as main objective to identify the phenomenon of polarization of opinions using a multi-referenced approach regarding the literature review, in addition to proceeding to a conceptual examination of the theme from the fundamentals of Behavior Analysis, seeking to describe how the themes are perceived through the responses of the research participants. The study had the participation of 53 students of the Psychology course in two cities in the interior of the state of São Paulo, who took a stand against polarizing themes. The researched bibliography showed the great capillarity of social media and the influence of variables, such as Fake News, Bubble Filter, Bots and Binary Thought. Through the assumptions of the Theory of Relational Frames (de Rose, 2016) it was found that functions attributed by direct training to a stimulus are shared by stimuli coordinated to it so that, without the need for any direct training, coordination relationships (equivalence) can reproduce the effects of respondent conditioning for stimuli that have not been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. During the dissertation, situations of how this occurs in the process of polarization of opinions were exemplified. In the data found from the analysis of the applied research, it was possible to observe in the responses the report of feelings of fear, anger, anxiety and threat, even noting that this portion of the data was not submitted to formally careful analysis, since they were not included in the plan the application of specific psychological diagnostic instruments. What is verified is the great influence of social media in the control and manipulation of behaviors, although there is still no complete clarity on how such manipulations occur and to whom, in fact, they benefit. Based on this finding, further studies are needed to enable the development of interventions that strengthen behaviors of indulgence and tolerance, as well as greater control over the tools that disseminate hatred and prejudice, especially on social media.
Exceeding any initial expectation of serving exclusively as a means of interpersonal communication, social media have become complex sources of information that exert great influence and power of persuasion in the daily lives of its users. This tool is so adapted to the contemporary way of life that it makes the reinforcement immediate and its effects viable and promotes the maintenance of affective and social ties through the use of its devices. In this context, this work has as main objective to identify the phenomenon of polarization of opinions using a multi-referenced approach regarding the literature review, in addition to proceeding to a conceptual examination of the theme from the fundamentals of Behavior Analysis, seeking to describe how the themes are perceived through the responses of the research participants. The study had the participation of 53 students of the Psychology course in two cities in the interior of the state of São Paulo, who took a stand against polarizing themes. The researched bibliography showed the great capillarity of social media and the influence of variables, such as Fake News, Bubble Filter, Bots and Binary Thought. Through the assumptions of the Theory of Relational Frames (de Rose, 2016) it was found that functions attributed by direct training to a stimulus are shared by stimuli coordinated to it so that, without the need for any direct training, coordination relationships (equivalence) can reproduce the effects of respondent conditioning for stimuli that have not been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. During the dissertation, situations of how this occurs in the process of polarization of opinions were exemplified. In the data found from the analysis of the applied research, it was possible to observe in the responses the report of feelings of fear, anger, anxiety and threat, even noting that this portion of the data was not submitted to formally careful analysis, since they were not included in the plan the application of specific psychological diagnostic instruments. What is verified is the great influence of social media in the control and manipulation of behaviors, although there is still no complete clarity on how such manipulations occur and to whom, in fact, they benefit. Based on this finding, further studies are needed to enable the development of interventions that strengthen behaviors of indulgence and tolerance, as well as greater control over the tools that disseminate hatred and prejudice, especially on social media.
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Palavras-chave
Polarização, Mídias sociais, Comportamento, Análise comportamental da cultura, Polarization, Social media, Behavioral analysis of culture