Implementación de los programas de atención integral a la primera infancia “Primeira Infância Melhor” y “De Cero a Siempre”. Análisis comparativo de estrategias para impulsar la educación infantil en perspectiva de políticas públicas
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Data
2020-05-08
Autores
Villamil, Oscar Antonio Holguín
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
En estados de gobierno con sistema democrático, existe una preocupación constante por la influencia que tiene la educación infantil en los procesos de desarrollo económico y social que se pueden categorizar en grupos organizados de variables a través de las que se comprenden los resultados de propuestas de programas de política pública; comprensión que incluso aporta en la comprensión sistemática de la política por parte de los grupos sociales que se impactan con estas propuestas. Una de las formas en que los programas de intervención social tienen que influir en la política de Estado, es a través de la financiación de acciones orientadas a la primera infancia, ya sea para maximizar las posibilidades de que los niños tengan éxito en sus procesos de educación inicial, ya sea para tener acceso a la legislatura con la perspectiva de hacer cumplir sus derechos y el acceso a los procesos de accountability o de acceso a los gestores de políticas públicas en la agenda de gobierno. Tomando este argumento como referencia; este trabajo adoptó como pregunta central de estudio: ¿Cuál es el estado del arte del conocimiento producido en Brasil y en Colombia por PIM y De Cero a Siempre en la gestión pública de políticas de educación para la Primera Infancia y como buenas prácticas de política pública de AIPI? Para responder a esta pregunta, técnicamente se sistematizó una base de datos con información de tres fuentes secundarias con 30 documentos que conformaron la unidad de análisis documental de los programas PIM y De Cero a Siempre entre 2007 y 2017. Metodológicamente se recurrió al modelo de análisis de contenido en el que se implementaron los referenciales lexicos y la segmentación de categorías de análisis para estimar comparativamente la comprensión de los programas y de los evaluadores que en cada caso han aportado al desarrollo de las políticas de AIPI a través del seguimiento a estos programas en cada país y como estrategia con la idea de aportar en la verificación de la hipótesis de trabajo de que cuanto mayor sea el compromiso de los países con mantener una posición de inversión en el capital humano desde los primeros años de escolaridad, más alta será la ganancia en desarrollo social por parte de las instituciones jurídicas y de los dos países. El trabajo se divide en dos grandes bloques y sus capítulos: 1. marco teórico y metodológico para revisión de la literatura centrado en el análisis comparativo y de contenido de los casos en Rio Grande del Sur y en Colombia; 2. Comprensión del estado de arte y de la práctica de los programas PIM y De Cero a Siempre. Entre los resultados se puede destacar el que para la valoración sistemática de los programas de AIPI, se debe adquirir la cultura de construcción de modelos predictivos de eficiencia y aporte de evidencias para evaluar el impacto de los programas. En cuanto al aporte a la verificación de la hipótesis de trabajo, el principal aprendizaje con el modelo de análisis implementado es que los enfoques de evaluación de políticas públicas, exigen el aporte de evidencias para medir las variables de seguimiento. El aporte de programas AIPI a la superación de la línea de pobreza en Latinoamérica desde la lógica del análisis léxico merece ser destacado, ya que el conjunto de documentos implementados para cada uno de los grupos, mostró que el efecto de relación y fuerza entre las palabras es en promedio de alrededor del 5% en la prueba Chi2; es decir, que en cada clase en las que se categoriza la información, se evidencia un recurrente uso de palabras que tienen que ver con el compromiso por pensar la forma de superar la situación de pobreza infantil y que al continuar con posteriores estudios la constante será a aumentar aproximadamente en el 5%. Este efecto parece ser consistente, porque el efecto de la probabilidad al vincular más textos a la unidad de análisis será mayor en la riqueza léxica que provee la comparación y el contraste de procesos posteriores de evaluación de los programas que se hagan con base en fuentes primarias de datos.
In democratic government states, there is a constant concern about influence of early childhood education on economic and social development processes that can be categorized into organized variables groups through which the proposals results of public policy programs are understood; understanding that even contributes to systematically comprehension about politics by social groups that are impacted by these proposals. One way in which social intervention programs have influence on state policy, is through the financing of early childhood oriented actions, either to maximize chances of children succeeding in their initial education processes, either to have access for legal work with enforcing prospect their rights and access to accountability processes, or access to public policy makers on governance agenda. Taking this argument as a reference; this work adopted as a central study question: What is the state of art for knowledge produced in Brazil and Colombia by PIM and De Cero a Siempre in public management of early childhood education policies and as good public policy practices of IAEC? To give answer for this question, a database with information from three secondary sources was technically systematized with 30 documents that formed the document analysis unit of “PIM” and “De Cero a Siempre” programs between 2007 and 2017. Methodologically, was worked on content analysis model in which lexical references and analysis segmentation categories were implemented to estimate understanding these programs comparatively and form that evaluators in each case have contributed for IAEC development policies, through follow-up to these programs in each country and as a strategy with providing verification idea for working hypothesis about the greater countries commitment to maintaining an investment position in human capital from the first years of schooling, will be higher gain in social development by legal institutions and by two countries. This work is divided into two large blocks and their chapters: 1. theoretical and methodological framework for literature review focused on comparative and content analysis cases in Rio Grande del Sur and Colombia; 2. Understanding the art and practice state for PIM and De Cero a Siempre programs. Among the results is that for a systematic evaluation of IAEC programs; the predictive model’s culture of efficiency and evidence to assess the impact of policy programs must be acquired. As for verification about working hypothesis contribution, the main learning with analysis model implemented, is that public policy evaluation approaches require the evidence inputs for measure tracking variables. IAEC contribution programs to improvement the poverty line in Latin America from lexical analysis logic of deserves may be highlighted, since the set of documents implemented for each group, showed that relationship and strength between words effect is on average around 5% in the Chi2 test; that is, in each class in which information is categorized, there is evidence on recurring use by words that have relationship with commitment to think about how to overcome the situation of child poverty and that by continuing further studies, the constant will be increase by approximately 5%. This effect appears to be consistent, because the probability effect by increase more texts into analysis unit, will be greater in the lexical richness that comparison provides and contrast of subsequent evaluation processes programs based on primary sources of data.
In democratic government states, there is a constant concern about influence of early childhood education on economic and social development processes that can be categorized into organized variables groups through which the proposals results of public policy programs are understood; understanding that even contributes to systematically comprehension about politics by social groups that are impacted by these proposals. One way in which social intervention programs have influence on state policy, is through the financing of early childhood oriented actions, either to maximize chances of children succeeding in their initial education processes, either to have access for legal work with enforcing prospect their rights and access to accountability processes, or access to public policy makers on governance agenda. Taking this argument as a reference; this work adopted as a central study question: What is the state of art for knowledge produced in Brazil and Colombia by PIM and De Cero a Siempre in public management of early childhood education policies and as good public policy practices of IAEC? To give answer for this question, a database with information from three secondary sources was technically systematized with 30 documents that formed the document analysis unit of “PIM” and “De Cero a Siempre” programs between 2007 and 2017. Methodologically, was worked on content analysis model in which lexical references and analysis segmentation categories were implemented to estimate understanding these programs comparatively and form that evaluators in each case have contributed for IAEC development policies, through follow-up to these programs in each country and as a strategy with providing verification idea for working hypothesis about the greater countries commitment to maintaining an investment position in human capital from the first years of schooling, will be higher gain in social development by legal institutions and by two countries. This work is divided into two large blocks and their chapters: 1. theoretical and methodological framework for literature review focused on comparative and content analysis cases in Rio Grande del Sur and Colombia; 2. Understanding the art and practice state for PIM and De Cero a Siempre programs. Among the results is that for a systematic evaluation of IAEC programs; the predictive model’s culture of efficiency and evidence to assess the impact of policy programs must be acquired. As for verification about working hypothesis contribution, the main learning with analysis model implemented, is that public policy evaluation approaches require the evidence inputs for measure tracking variables. IAEC contribution programs to improvement the poverty line in Latin America from lexical analysis logic of deserves may be highlighted, since the set of documents implemented for each group, showed that relationship and strength between words effect is on average around 5% in the Chi2 test; that is, in each class in which information is categorized, there is evidence on recurring use by words that have relationship with commitment to think about how to overcome the situation of child poverty and that by continuing further studies, the constant will be increase by approximately 5%. This effect appears to be consistent, because the probability effect by increase more texts into analysis unit, will be greater in the lexical richness that comparison provides and contrast of subsequent evaluation processes programs based on primary sources of data.
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Palavras-chave
Primera Infancia, Política Pública, PIM, De Cero a Siempre, Early Childhood, Public Policy