Desempenho energético e de qualidade de uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão à vácuo na implantação da cultura do milho de segunda safra
Carregando...
Data
2020-04-28
Autores
Kolachinski, Edson Felipe
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O potencial produtivo das lavouras de alta performance se define no momento da semeadura e para assegurar altos rendimentos nas culturas agrícolas é importante semear com qualidade. O objetivo geral do experimento foi de estudar parâmetros de qualidade operacional, qualidade de plantio e parâmetros de desempenho agronômico ¬¬na implantação da cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), por meio de uma semeadora-adubadora equipada com dosador pneumático em sistema de plantio direto na segunda safra. O trabalho foi conduzido em lavoura comercial, em esquema fatorial duplo (3x3), combinando-se, três velocidades de deslocamento (4,2; 7,3 e 10,1 km h-1) e três pressões de vácuo do sistema pneumático de dosagem de sementes (8,0; 10,0 e 12,0 MPa). Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro com disco dosador de semente de 40 perfurações e o segundo com disco dosador de 36 perfurações. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na fazenda Rio Verdinho localizada no Município de Itararé/SP, no ano agrícola de 2018 (milho da segunda safra). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: uniformidade na distribuição das sementes e plântulas na linha e em profundidade, distribuição do fertilizante, mobilização e cobertura do solo, demanda energética, dados agronômicos e produtividade da cultura do milho. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, utilizou-se análise estatística: ANOVA -One Way e ANOVA- Two Way com medidas repetidas. Nestas análises considerou-se um nível de significância de 5% e os ajustes foram obtidos no software SAS (versão 9.2) usando a PROCEDURE ANOVA. A distribuição transversal de sementes objetivada na regulagem inicial da semeadora foi observada no experimento 1. Em ambos os experimentos não ocorreram diferenças estatísticas na profundidade e emergência total de plantas. O experimento 1 apresentou em média espaçamentos normais acima de 90%, no experimento 2 o tratamento 9 apresentou 84,94% de espaçamentos normais. Nos dois experimentos o índice médio de falhas ficou dentro do aceitável. O experimento 2 apresentou maior índice de espaçamentos duplos. O experimento 1 apresentou menores índices de CV, enquanto no experimento 2 os índices foram mais elevados, gerando aumento médio de 6,8% no CV do experimento 1 para o experimento 2. O experimento 2 não houve diferença estatística para altura de plantas, altura da inserção da primeira espiga e diâmetro de colmo. Apenas no experimento 2 ocorreu diferença entre altura de plantas e inserção da primeira espiga, mas não se observou diferença estatística no diâmetro do colmo. O índice de sobrevivência não apresentou diferença estatística em ambos os experimentos. Em ambos os experimentos se constatou diferença estatística para plantas acamadas e plantas quebradas. No experimento 1 a produtividade média foi de 5733,5 kg ha-1 e no experimento 2 produtividades de 5143,1 kg ha-1. O experimento 1 (disco de 40 furos) produziu em média 630 kg ha-1 a mais do que no experimento 2 (disco de 36 furos). Nas velocidades de 7,3 km h-1 e 10,1 km h-1 com variações de pressões de vácuo com 8,0; 10,0 e 12,0 MPa, todos os tratamentos apresentaram tendência de maior consumo de combustível. Com o aumento da velocidade de 4,2 para 10,1 km h-1 (acréscimo de 213,5% na capacidade de campo efetiva), o consumo horário de combustível passou de 24,56 L h-1 para 67,41 L h-1, representando um aumento percentual de 274,5%. O experimento 2 apresentou dados semelhantes a o experimento 1, concluindo-se que não ocorreram diferenças no desempenho energético da operação, independente do disco de sementes ser de 40 ou 36 furos.
The production potential of high-performance crops is determined in the moment of sowing. To ensure high yields of agricultural crops, it is important to have a high-quality sow. Therefore, the general objective of the experiment was to study the parameters for implementation of operational quality in the cultivation of second harvest corn (Zea mays L.), by means of vacuum seeder in the no-tillage system of soy straw, and understand to what degree these factors influence the agronomic characteristics and crop productivity. The study was conducted on commercial tillage, in a double factorial scheme (3x3), matching three travel speeds (4,2; 7,3 e 10,1 km h-1), and three vacuum pressures of the pneumatic seed dosing system (8,0; 10,0 e 12,0 MPa). Two experiments were conducted, one with a 36-hole seed disc and the other with a 40-hole disc. The experiments were carried out in the commercial area Farm, Rio Verdinho, located in the county of Itareré/SP, in the agricultural year of 2018 (second harvest corn). The experimental design was conducted in random blocks with four replications. The following parameters were assessed: uniformity of seed and plant distribution in line and in depth, fertilizer distribution, mobilization and ground cover, energy demand, seed quality after passing through the machine dosing mechanism, agronomic data and corn crop yield. To achieve the proposed objectives, we used: ANOVA -One Way and NOVA- Two Way with repeated measures. In these analyzes, a significance level of 5% was considered and the adjustments were obtained using the SAS software (version 9.2) using PROCEDURE ANOVA. The dry matter of the vegetation cover in the two experiments present itself within the standards required for a system onservationist. The percentage of maintenance of the covering of the olo, even though no statistical difference was observed in the two experiments and in their treatments, a greater ncorporation of straw in the soil is identified with the increase of the seed s displacement speed. The transversal distribution of seeds aimed at the initial adjustment of the sowing machine was observed in experiment 1. In both experiments there were no statistical differences in the depth and total emergence of plants. Experiment 1 presented, on average, normal spacing above 90%, in experiment 2, treatment 9 presented 84.94% of normal spacing. In both experiments, the average failure rate was within the acceptable range. Experiment 2 showed a higher rate of double spacing. Experiment 1 showed lower CV indexes, while in experiment 2 the indexes were higher, generating an average increase of 6.8% in the CV from experiment 1 to experiment 2. Experiment 2 did not show any statistical difference for plant height, height the insertion of the first ear and stem diameter. Only in experiment 2 there was a difference between plant height and insertion of the first ear, but there was no statistical difference in stem diameter. The survival rate showed no statistical difference in both experiments. In both experiments, statistical difference was found for bedridden and broken plants. In experiment 1 the average productivity was 5733.5 kg ha-1 and in experiment 2 productivity 5143.1 kg ha-1. Experiment 1 (40-hole disc) produced an average of 630.4 kg ha-1 more than in experiment 2 (36-hole disc). At speeds of 7.3 Km h-1 and 10.1 Km h-1 with variations in vacuum prices with 8.0; 10.0 and 12.0 MPa, all treatments showed a tendency towards greater fuel consumption. With the speed increase from 4.2 to 10.1 km h-1 (increase of 213.5% in the effective field capacity), the hourly fuel consumption went from 24.56 Lh-1 to 67.41 Lh-1, representing a percentage increase of 274.5%. Experiment 2 presented data similar to experiment 1, concluding that there were no differences in the energy performance of the operation, regardless of the disk being 40 or 36 holes. but in increasing the speed and pressure of vacuum.
The production potential of high-performance crops is determined in the moment of sowing. To ensure high yields of agricultural crops, it is important to have a high-quality sow. Therefore, the general objective of the experiment was to study the parameters for implementation of operational quality in the cultivation of second harvest corn (Zea mays L.), by means of vacuum seeder in the no-tillage system of soy straw, and understand to what degree these factors influence the agronomic characteristics and crop productivity. The study was conducted on commercial tillage, in a double factorial scheme (3x3), matching three travel speeds (4,2; 7,3 e 10,1 km h-1), and three vacuum pressures of the pneumatic seed dosing system (8,0; 10,0 e 12,0 MPa). Two experiments were conducted, one with a 36-hole seed disc and the other with a 40-hole disc. The experiments were carried out in the commercial area Farm, Rio Verdinho, located in the county of Itareré/SP, in the agricultural year of 2018 (second harvest corn). The experimental design was conducted in random blocks with four replications. The following parameters were assessed: uniformity of seed and plant distribution in line and in depth, fertilizer distribution, mobilization and ground cover, energy demand, seed quality after passing through the machine dosing mechanism, agronomic data and corn crop yield. To achieve the proposed objectives, we used: ANOVA -One Way and NOVA- Two Way with repeated measures. In these analyzes, a significance level of 5% was considered and the adjustments were obtained using the SAS software (version 9.2) using PROCEDURE ANOVA. The dry matter of the vegetation cover in the two experiments present itself within the standards required for a system onservationist. The percentage of maintenance of the covering of the olo, even though no statistical difference was observed in the two experiments and in their treatments, a greater ncorporation of straw in the soil is identified with the increase of the seed s displacement speed. The transversal distribution of seeds aimed at the initial adjustment of the sowing machine was observed in experiment 1. In both experiments there were no statistical differences in the depth and total emergence of plants. Experiment 1 presented, on average, normal spacing above 90%, in experiment 2, treatment 9 presented 84.94% of normal spacing. In both experiments, the average failure rate was within the acceptable range. Experiment 2 showed a higher rate of double spacing. Experiment 1 showed lower CV indexes, while in experiment 2 the indexes were higher, generating an average increase of 6.8% in the CV from experiment 1 to experiment 2. Experiment 2 did not show any statistical difference for plant height, height the insertion of the first ear and stem diameter. Only in experiment 2 there was a difference between plant height and insertion of the first ear, but there was no statistical difference in stem diameter. The survival rate showed no statistical difference in both experiments. In both experiments, statistical difference was found for bedridden and broken plants. In experiment 1 the average productivity was 5733.5 kg ha-1 and in experiment 2 productivity 5143.1 kg ha-1. Experiment 1 (40-hole disc) produced an average of 630.4 kg ha-1 more than in experiment 2 (36-hole disc). At speeds of 7.3 Km h-1 and 10.1 Km h-1 with variations in vacuum prices with 8.0; 10.0 and 12.0 MPa, all treatments showed a tendency towards greater fuel consumption. With the speed increase from 4.2 to 10.1 km h-1 (increase of 213.5% in the effective field capacity), the hourly fuel consumption went from 24.56 Lh-1 to 67.41 Lh-1, representing a percentage increase of 274.5%. Experiment 2 presented data similar to experiment 1, concluding that there were no differences in the energy performance of the operation, regardless of the disk being 40 or 36 holes. but in increasing the speed and pressure of vacuum.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Plantabilidade, Velocidade, Dosador Pneumático, Zea mays, Plantability, Speed, Pneumatic doser