Interferência da beldroega no tomateiro: suas possibilidade de controle e sua relação com nematóide
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2020-06-05
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Alves, Felipe da Cunha. [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Sendo a beldroega uma planta infestante da cultura do tomate e uma hospedeira natural de nematoides do gênero Meloidogyne, levanta-se a hipótese de que a ocorrência dessa planta daninha em áreas de plantios de tomate possa interferir no crescimento e produtividade do tomateiro, dependendo do período de convivência, e que existe uma relação da sua ocorrência com a infestação de M. incognita no tomateiro, e que é possível controlá-la com seletividade ao tomateiro. Dessa forma, com este estudo, objetivou-se: a) avaliar se há interferência da beldroega no crescimento e produtividade do tomateiro; b) determinar o período de convivência da planta daninha com a cultura que não afete o crescimento e a produtividade do tomateiro; c) avaliar se a beldroega infestando a cultura do tomate atua como hospedeira de Meloidogyne javanica e com isso reduz a sua infestação no tomateiro; d) estudar a seletividade de herbicidas ao tomateiro visando o controle da beldroega em pré e pós-emergência e) verificar se a velocidade de controle do metribuzim elimina de imediato a interferência dessa planta daninha no tomateiro. Para tanto, esse estudo constou de três experimentos. No primeiro, os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de três períodos de convivência do tomateiro „Dylla‟ com a beldroega (14, 21 e 60 dias após o transplantio), com um tratamento para tomate sem convivência com a planta daninha e outro tratamento para a beldroega sem convivência com a cultura, todos com ou sem a inoculação de Meloidogyne javanica. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em 6 repetições. Nos tomateiros foram avaliados aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após o transplantio (DAT), número de ramos e folhas. Junto à essas avaliações e também aos 60 DAT, foram realizadas medições da altura do tomateiro; ainda aos 60 DAT determinou-se o comprimento e massa fresca radicular, massa seca da parte aérea e produtividade do tomateiro, e quantificou-se a população final de nematoides no solo e nas raízes de ambas as espécies, para se calcular o fator de reprodução e a percentagem de controle. No segundo experimento, os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de dez herbicidas registrados para o controle de beldroega em diversas culturas, sendo cinco em pré-emergência da planta daninha (sulfentrazone, s-metolacloro, diclosulam, metsulfurom-metílico e trifuralina) e cinco em pós-emergência (flazasulfuron, fomesafem, nicosulfuron, metribuzim e atrazina), todos nas doses prescritas pelos fabricantes, com uma testemunha sem aplicação. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os onze tratamentos em sete repetições. Aos 3, 5, 7 e 14 dias após a aplicação (DAA) foram atribuídas notas visuais de fitotoxicidade, aos 3 e 7 DAA foram mensuradas a altura da planta e aos 7 DAA o diâmetro do caule do tomateiro. Ao término do período experimental, aos 14 DAA, além dessas características, foram mensuradas a área foliar e massa fresca e seca das folhas e do caule. No terceiro experimento, os tratamentos consistiram das duas espécies de plantas isoladas ou em convivência por quatro períodos (0, 7, 14 e 21 dias após o transplantio), ao término dos quais procedeu-se ao controle da planta daninha por meio da aplicação de metribuzim (1,0 L p.c. ha-1 ), com uma testemunha para cada espécie sem a convivência (monocultura) e outra com a convivência entre ambas, mas sem o controle químico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Aos 7 dias após a aplicação do metribuzim e ao iii final do período experimental (28 DAA) foram atribuídas notas visuais de controle da beldroega e de intoxicação nos tomateiros. Ainda ao final do período experimental foram determinados nos tomateiros a altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, teor relativo de clorofila total, número de folhas, flores e frutos, área foliar e matéria seca de caule, folhas, flores e frutos. Nas plantas de beldroega foram determinados o comprimento do ramo dominante, área foliar e matéria seca de folhas e ramos. Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: a) o tomateiro pode conviver com uma planta de beldroega até os 28 dias após o transplante, após os quais manifesta sua interferência, reduzindo o crescimento e a produtividade da cultura; b a beldroega é uma excelente hospedeira de Meloidogyne javanica, reduzindo a infestação desse nematoide no tomateiro já a partir dos 14 dias de convivência; c) dentre os dez herbicidas registrados para o controle da beldroega testados, o metribuzim se destacou pela seletividade ao tomateiro, velocidade e eficácia no controle da beldroega, seguido do flazasulfuron na seletividade, enquanto o fomezafem, nicosulfuron e trifluralina possuem potencial de uso na cultura por meio do ajuste das doses.
Purslane is an infesting plant in tomato culture and a natural host of nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne, the hypothesis arises that the occurrence of this weed in tomato plantation areas may interfere in tomato growth and productivity depending on the period coexistence between them. Also that is a relationship between it ́s occurrence and the infestation of M . incognita in tomato and that it is possible to control it with tomato selective products. This study aimed to: a) assess whether purslane interferes with tomato growth and productivity; b) determine the period of coexistence of the weed with the crop that does not affect the growth and productivity of the tomato; c) to evaluate whether purslane infesting the tomato crop acts as host of Meloidogyne javanica and thereby reduces its infestation in tomato; d) to study the selectivity of herbicides for tomato aiming at the control of purslane in pre and postemergence e) to verify if the speed of control of the metribuzim immediately eliminates the interference of this weed in the tomato. This study consisted of three experiments. In the first, the experimental treatments consisted in three coexistence periods of tomato 'Dylla' with purslane (14, 21 and 60 days after transplanting), with a treatment for tomatoes without living with weeds and another treatment for purslane without coexistence with culture, all with or without Meloidogyne javanica inoculation. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, in 6 replications. Tomatoes were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days after transplanting (DAT), number of branches and leaves. Along with these assessments and also at 60 DAT, measurements of tomato height were made; still at 60 DAT, the length and fresh root mass, shoot dry weight and tomato yield were determined, and the final nematode population in the soil and roots of both species was quantified to calculate the reproduction factor and the percentage of control. The second experiment consisted of the application of ten herbicides registered for the purslane control in several cultures, five in pre-emergence of the weed (sulfentrazone, s-metolachlor, diclosulam, metsulfurom-methyl and trifuralin) and five in post-emergence (flazasulfuron, fomesafem, nicosulfuron, metribuzim and atrazine with a treatment without application. The experimental design was completely randomized, with eleven treatments in seven replications. At 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after application (DAA), visual phytotoxicity scores were assigned, at 3 and 7 DAA the plant height was measured and at 7 DAA the stem diameter. At the end of the experimental period, at 14 DAA, in addition to these characteristics, the leaf area and fresh and dry mass of leaves and stem were measured. In the third experiment, the treatments consisted of two species of plants isolated or living together for four differents periods (0, 7, 14 and 21 days after transplanting). At the end of it, weed control was carried out by applying metribuzim (1.0 L pc ha-1), as a control for each species without coexistence (monoculture) and another with coexistence between both, but without chemical control. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. At 7 days after the application of metribuzim and the end of the experimental period (28 DAA), visual notes for purslane control and intoxication in tomato plants were assigned. At the end of the experimental period, the height of plants, stem diameter, relative content of total chlorophyll, number of leaves, flowers and fruits, leaf area and dry matter of stem, leaves, flowers and fruits were determined in tomato plants. In purslane plants, the v length of the dominant branch, leaf area and dry matter of leaves and branches were determined. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that: a) the tomato can live with a purslane plant until 28 days after transplant, after it manifests interference, reducing the growth and productivity of the crop; b) purslane is an excellent host of Meloidogyne javanica, reducing the infestation of this nematode in tomatoes after 14 days of living together; c) among the ten herbicides registered for purslane control tested, metribuzim stood out for its selectivity to tomato, speed and effectiveness in controlling purslane, followed by flazasulfuron in selectivity, while hungryzafem, nicosulfuron and trifluralin have potential for use in culture through dose adjustment.
Purslane is an infesting plant in tomato culture and a natural host of nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne, the hypothesis arises that the occurrence of this weed in tomato plantation areas may interfere in tomato growth and productivity depending on the period coexistence between them. Also that is a relationship between it ́s occurrence and the infestation of M . incognita in tomato and that it is possible to control it with tomato selective products. This study aimed to: a) assess whether purslane interferes with tomato growth and productivity; b) determine the period of coexistence of the weed with the crop that does not affect the growth and productivity of the tomato; c) to evaluate whether purslane infesting the tomato crop acts as host of Meloidogyne javanica and thereby reduces its infestation in tomato; d) to study the selectivity of herbicides for tomato aiming at the control of purslane in pre and postemergence e) to verify if the speed of control of the metribuzim immediately eliminates the interference of this weed in the tomato. This study consisted of three experiments. In the first, the experimental treatments consisted in three coexistence periods of tomato 'Dylla' with purslane (14, 21 and 60 days after transplanting), with a treatment for tomatoes without living with weeds and another treatment for purslane without coexistence with culture, all with or without Meloidogyne javanica inoculation. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, in 6 replications. Tomatoes were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days after transplanting (DAT), number of branches and leaves. Along with these assessments and also at 60 DAT, measurements of tomato height were made; still at 60 DAT, the length and fresh root mass, shoot dry weight and tomato yield were determined, and the final nematode population in the soil and roots of both species was quantified to calculate the reproduction factor and the percentage of control. The second experiment consisted of the application of ten herbicides registered for the purslane control in several cultures, five in pre-emergence of the weed (sulfentrazone, s-metolachlor, diclosulam, metsulfurom-methyl and trifuralin) and five in post-emergence (flazasulfuron, fomesafem, nicosulfuron, metribuzim and atrazine with a treatment without application. The experimental design was completely randomized, with eleven treatments in seven replications. At 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after application (DAA), visual phytotoxicity scores were assigned, at 3 and 7 DAA the plant height was measured and at 7 DAA the stem diameter. At the end of the experimental period, at 14 DAA, in addition to these characteristics, the leaf area and fresh and dry mass of leaves and stem were measured. In the third experiment, the treatments consisted of two species of plants isolated or living together for four differents periods (0, 7, 14 and 21 days after transplanting). At the end of it, weed control was carried out by applying metribuzim (1.0 L pc ha-1), as a control for each species without coexistence (monoculture) and another with coexistence between both, but without chemical control. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. At 7 days after the application of metribuzim and the end of the experimental period (28 DAA), visual notes for purslane control and intoxication in tomato plants were assigned. At the end of the experimental period, the height of plants, stem diameter, relative content of total chlorophyll, number of leaves, flowers and fruits, leaf area and dry matter of stem, leaves, flowers and fruits were determined in tomato plants. In purslane plants, the v length of the dominant branch, leaf area and dry matter of leaves and branches were determined. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that: a) the tomato can live with a purslane plant until 28 days after transplant, after it manifests interference, reducing the growth and productivity of the crop; b) purslane is an excellent host of Meloidogyne javanica, reducing the infestation of this nematode in tomatoes after 14 days of living together; c) among the ten herbicides registered for purslane control tested, metribuzim stood out for its selectivity to tomato, speed and effectiveness in controlling purslane, followed by flazasulfuron in selectivity, while hungryzafem, nicosulfuron and trifluralin have potential for use in culture through dose adjustment.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Competição, Controle químico, Lycopersicum esculetum, Meloidogyne javanica, Portulaca oleracea, Solanum lycopersicum