Avaliação da leitura de símbolos cartográficos para as feições de áreas de cultivo cana e café em mapa topográfico na escala 1:25.000
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Data
2020-03-04
Autores
Lemes Neto, Nelson
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No Brasil, o projeto de representações cartográficas para mapas topográficos oficiais, compreendidos entre as escalas 1:25.000 e 1:250.000, devem satisfazer as convenções de símbolos estabelecidas no manual técnico T 34-700. No entanto, foi encontrado problemas de legibilidade nas recomendações para os símbolos que representam cultura permanente e cultura temporária, para os cultivos de café e cana, principalmente com as cores empregadas para o padrão de preenchimento e para os textos. A fim de aprimorar a comunicação cartográfica desses mapas, propostas para símbolos foram concebidas com emprego da teoria Gestalt e da Semiologia Gráfica. Para isso, foram considerados a segregação figura-fundo e o agrupamento perceptivo, considerando as propriedades das variáveis visuais. Para alcançar o agrupamento perceptivo foi respeitada a propriedade associativa com a cor; para alcançar a segregação figura-fundo foi considerada a propriedade perceptiva seletiva, a qual envolveu as variáveis brilho e matiz. A área de estudo consistiu na porção rural do município de Presidente Venceslau. Foram elaborados quatro projetos gráficos, dos quais três eram propostas para aprimoramentos baseados em teorias e um outro com maior fidelidade às recomendações do manual T34-700. Posteriormente, foi conduzida uma avaliação de mapa que compreendeu a eficiência, eficácia e preferência. Para avaliar o desempenho da comunicação cartográfica dos projetos, foi realizado uma tarefa de leitura dos símbolos com 30 usuários de mapas topográficos. Foram coletados o tempo de leitura, a taxa de acerto e a preferência em relação aos projetos. A partir da comparação entre o padrão de preenchimento e o texto para cana e café, os projetos concebidos com maior nível de segregação figura-fundo foram mais bem aceitos que os projetos com maior nível de agrupamento perceptivo. Foi encontrado que as recomendações do manual T34-700 não podem ser utilizadas como uma referência integral para projetar mapas topográficos oficiais. As considerações apresentadas neste trabalho de pesquisa podem direcionar trabalhos futuros para aprimorar a simbologia de mapas topográficos oficiais.
In Brazil, the design of cartographic representations for official topographic maps, between the scales 1: 25,000 and 1: 250,000, must follow the conventions established in the technical manual T34-700. However, it was found legibility problems in the standards that represent permanent culture and temporary culture, for coffee and cane crops, mainly with the colors employed for fill pattern and texts as well. In order to improve the cartographic communication for those maps, proposals for symbols were conceived by employing Gestalt theory and Semiology of Graphics. For that, it was considered figure-ground segregation and perceptual grouping, by considering the properties of the visual variables. To establish perceptual grouping, the associative property related with the hue was respected; to establish figure-ground segregation it was considered the selective property, which involved hue and value variables. The study area consisted of a rural portion located in the municipality of Presidente Venceslau. Four designs were elaborated, in which three of them were proposals for improvements based on the theories, and one was more faithful to the recommendations presented in the T34-700 manual. Subsequently, a map assessment was conducted to understand efficiency, effectiveness, and preference. To evaluate the cartographic communication performance of the designs, a task of reading the symbols was carried out with 30 participants experienced with topographic maps. Reading time, correct response rate, and preference in relation to designs were collected. From the comparison between the filling pattern and the text for cane sugar and coffee, the designs conceived with higher level of figure-ground segregation were more preferred than designs conceived with higher levels of perceptual grouping. As observed, recommendations presented in the T34-700 manual cannot be used as whole reference for designing official topographic maps. Some findings could be used as guideline to improve the current standards.
In Brazil, the design of cartographic representations for official topographic maps, between the scales 1: 25,000 and 1: 250,000, must follow the conventions established in the technical manual T34-700. However, it was found legibility problems in the standards that represent permanent culture and temporary culture, for coffee and cane crops, mainly with the colors employed for fill pattern and texts as well. In order to improve the cartographic communication for those maps, proposals for symbols were conceived by employing Gestalt theory and Semiology of Graphics. For that, it was considered figure-ground segregation and perceptual grouping, by considering the properties of the visual variables. To establish perceptual grouping, the associative property related with the hue was respected; to establish figure-ground segregation it was considered the selective property, which involved hue and value variables. The study area consisted of a rural portion located in the municipality of Presidente Venceslau. Four designs were elaborated, in which three of them were proposals for improvements based on the theories, and one was more faithful to the recommendations presented in the T34-700 manual. Subsequently, a map assessment was conducted to understand efficiency, effectiveness, and preference. To evaluate the cartographic communication performance of the designs, a task of reading the symbols was carried out with 30 participants experienced with topographic maps. Reading time, correct response rate, and preference in relation to designs were collected. From the comparison between the filling pattern and the text for cane sugar and coffee, the designs conceived with higher level of figure-ground segregation were more preferred than designs conceived with higher levels of perceptual grouping. As observed, recommendations presented in the T34-700 manual cannot be used as whole reference for designing official topographic maps. Some findings could be used as guideline to improve the current standards.
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Palavras-chave
Mapas topograficos, Cartografia, Toponímia, Leitura de mapas, Mapas escalas, Topographic maps, Cartography, Toponymy, Reading maps, Scale maps