Coordenação de constituintes não oracionais por meio de "mas" nas variedades portuguesas sob a perspectiva da gramática discursivo-funcional: concessão e contraste
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Data
2021-02-22
Autores
Galvão Passetti, Gabriel Henrique
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Este estudo objetiva analisar e descrever, nas variedades da língua portuguesa, as propriedades pragmáticas, semânticas, morfossintáticas e fonológicas da coordenação adversativa não oracional, i.e., da coordenação adversativa em que pelo menos um dos membros coordenados é não oracional (palavra ou sintagma), restringindo-se aos casos em que a coordenação ocorre por meio de mas. O referencial teórico adotado é o da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF). A GDF é um modelo teórico que leva em consideração a natureza situada da comunicação linguística, i.e., ela prevê a inter-relação entre linguagem e contexto. Seu modelo apresenta uma arquitetura modular com organização descendente (top down), i.e., da intenção para a forma das expressões linguísticas, de modo que a pragmática governa a semântica, ambas governam a morfossintaxe, e a pragmática, a semântica e a morfossintaxe governam a fonologia. Como universo de análise, são utilizados materiais obtidos do córpus Português Falado, que traz amostragens de variedades do português de toda a lusofonia. Com o objetivo de ampliar a amostragem sob análise, são acrescentados dados extraídos do córpus Iboruna, representativo da fala do noroeste paulista. Além disso, quando estritamente necessário, são coletados dados de língua escrita da Internet. A análise pragmática da coordenação adversativa não oracional mostra que cada um de seus membros consiste em um Ato Discursivo, a menor unidade de comportamento comunicativo, podendo relacionar um nuclear e um subsidiário que ora exerce a função retórica Concessão, ora a função retórica Esclarecimento, ou dois Conteúdos Comunicados, de diferentes Atos Discursivos, em que informações são cotejadas, indicando a função pragmática Contraste. A análise semântica, por sua vez, mostra que cada membro consiste em um Conteúdo Proposicional, expresso por diferentes categorias semânticas, havendo, nos casos de Contraste, um operador de negação, seja no primeiro membro coordenado, se o Falante deseja substituir uma informação da representação mental do Ouvinte, seja no segundo membro combinado, com o objetivo de esclarecer uma informação que o Falante considera comunicativamente inadequada. Morfossintaticamente, a coordenação adversativa não oracional é mapeada por duas unidades sem relação de constituência entre elas. Como ambas são morfossintaticamente independentes uma da outra, trata-se do processo de Coordenação, quando, juntas, formam uma Expressão Linguística, ou de Empilhamento, caso em que duas unidades funcionalmente equivalentes integram uma Oração. Fonologicamente, os dois membros constituem Frases Entonacionais, que dispõem de um contorno entonacional próprio. O primeiro membro apresenta o padrão entonacional complexo descendente- ascendente nas ocorrências de Concessão, e, nas de Contraste, exibe o padrão entonacional descendente ou complexo ascendente-descendente. Por fim, este estudo permite concluir que mas, na coordenação adversativa não oracional, é um expediente gramatical que se origina no Nível Interpessoal, i.e., no nível de análise que diz respeito às faculdades retóricas e pragmáticas das expressões linguísticas, estando, portanto, a serviço das relações inter-humanas que a linguagem institui.
This study aims to analyze and describe, in the varieties of the Portuguese language, the pragmatic, semantic, morphosyntactic and phonological properties of non-clausal adversative coordination, i.e. of adversative coordination in which at least one of the coordinated members is non-clausal (word or phrase), restricting itself to cases in which coordination occurs through mas. The theoretical framework adopted is the Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). FDG is a theoretical model that takes into account the situated nature of linguistic communication, i.e. it provides for the interrelation between language and context. Its model presents a modular architecture with top down organization, i.e. from the intention to the form of linguistic expressions, so that pragmatics governs semantics, both govern morphosyntax, and pragmatics, semantics and morphosyntax govern the phonology. As universe of analysis, materials obtained from the Português Falado corpus are used, which brings samples of Portuguese varieties from all Portuguese-speaking countries. In order to expand the sample under analysis, data extracted from the Iboruna corpus, representative of the speech of northwest São Paulo. In addition, when strictly necessary, written language data is collected from the Internet. The pragmatic analysis of the non-clausal adversative coordination shows that each of its members consists of a Discursive Act, the smallest unit of communicative behavior, being able to relate one nuclear and one subsidiary that sometimes exercises the rhetorical function Concession, sometimes the rhetorical function Clarification, or two Communicated Contents, from different Discursive Acts, in which information is collated, indicating the pragmatic function Contrast. The semantic analysis, in turn, shows that each member consists of Propositional Content, expressed by different semantic categories, with, in the cases of Contrast, a negation operator, whether in the first coordinated member, if the Speaker wishes to replace information from the mental representation of the Addressee, either in the second combined member, in order to clarify information that the Speaker considers to be communicatively inadequate. Morphosyntactically, the non-clausal adversative coordination is mapped by two units with no hierarchical relationship between them. As both are morphosyntactically independent of each other, this is the process of Coordination, when together they form a Linguistic Expression, or Stacking, when two functionally equivalent units integrate a Clause. Phonologically, the two members constitute Intonational Phrases, which have their own intonational outline. The first member presents the falling-rising complex intonational template in the Concession cases, and in the Contrast cases, it displays the falling intonational template or the ascending-descending complex. Finally, this study allows us to conclude that mas, in the non-clausal adversative coordination, is a grammatical expedient that originates at the Interpersonal Level, i.e. at the level of analysis that concerns the rhetorical and pragmatic faculties of linguistic expressions, being, therefore, at the service of the inter-human relations that language establishes.
This study aims to analyze and describe, in the varieties of the Portuguese language, the pragmatic, semantic, morphosyntactic and phonological properties of non-clausal adversative coordination, i.e. of adversative coordination in which at least one of the coordinated members is non-clausal (word or phrase), restricting itself to cases in which coordination occurs through mas. The theoretical framework adopted is the Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). FDG is a theoretical model that takes into account the situated nature of linguistic communication, i.e. it provides for the interrelation between language and context. Its model presents a modular architecture with top down organization, i.e. from the intention to the form of linguistic expressions, so that pragmatics governs semantics, both govern morphosyntax, and pragmatics, semantics and morphosyntax govern the phonology. As universe of analysis, materials obtained from the Português Falado corpus are used, which brings samples of Portuguese varieties from all Portuguese-speaking countries. In order to expand the sample under analysis, data extracted from the Iboruna corpus, representative of the speech of northwest São Paulo. In addition, when strictly necessary, written language data is collected from the Internet. The pragmatic analysis of the non-clausal adversative coordination shows that each of its members consists of a Discursive Act, the smallest unit of communicative behavior, being able to relate one nuclear and one subsidiary that sometimes exercises the rhetorical function Concession, sometimes the rhetorical function Clarification, or two Communicated Contents, from different Discursive Acts, in which information is collated, indicating the pragmatic function Contrast. The semantic analysis, in turn, shows that each member consists of Propositional Content, expressed by different semantic categories, with, in the cases of Contrast, a negation operator, whether in the first coordinated member, if the Speaker wishes to replace information from the mental representation of the Addressee, either in the second combined member, in order to clarify information that the Speaker considers to be communicatively inadequate. Morphosyntactically, the non-clausal adversative coordination is mapped by two units with no hierarchical relationship between them. As both are morphosyntactically independent of each other, this is the process of Coordination, when together they form a Linguistic Expression, or Stacking, when two functionally equivalent units integrate a Clause. Phonologically, the two members constitute Intonational Phrases, which have their own intonational outline. The first member presents the falling-rising complex intonational template in the Concession cases, and in the Contrast cases, it displays the falling intonational template or the ascending-descending complex. Finally, this study allows us to conclude that mas, in the non-clausal adversative coordination, is a grammatical expedient that originates at the Interpersonal Level, i.e. at the level of analysis that concerns the rhetorical and pragmatic faculties of linguistic expressions, being, therefore, at the service of the inter-human relations that language establishes.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Coordenação adversativa, Coordenação de constituintes, Concessão, Contraste, Mas, Adversative coordination, Coordination of constituents, Concession, Contrast