(In)Justiça do trabalho. O adoecimento mental na perspectiva do judiciário trabalhista brasileiro: estudo documental
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Data
2021-03-26
Autores
Barros Junior, José Otávio de Almeida [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Introdução: O mundo do trabalho está em permanente transformação, trazendo sempre desafios aos trabalhadores. Em sua configuração contemporânea destaca-se a exploração da subjetividade nos modos de organização e gestão dos processos produtivos, crescente precarização das relações e condições de trabalho, com severos impactos na saúde mental da classe trabalhadora. Objetivo: Compreender a percepção do transtorno mental relacionado ao trabalho pelo Poder Judiciário Trabalhista. Método: Foi realizado um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, com adoção do procedimento documental. A investigação utilizou dados públicos provenientes de decisões do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho. Foram analisados 22 processos publicados entre o período de 01/07/2017 a 30/06/2020. As informações obtidas nas decisões judiciais foram analisadas de acordo com o método de análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: A análise dos dados sintetizou-se em três núcleos temáticos, quais sejam: 1) a meta é enlouquecer? quando as cobranças por resultados atingem a subjetividade obreira; 2) nexo causal: o trabalhador no fogo cruzado; 3) o valor do sofrimento mental no trabalho. Os resultados apontam que os julgadores compreendem as condições de trabalho que geram transtorno mental relacionado ao trabalho como um ato ilícito que precisa ser reparado. Compreendem que condutas como cobranças abusivas por metas e resultados, ofensas vexatórias e humilhantes, limitação ao uso de sanitários, bem como dispensas de trabalhadores incapacitados são práticas que extrapolam o poder empregatício e a boa-fé nas relações de emprego. Trata-se de violências morais que não devem ser toleradas. No tocante ao adoecimento mental, transtornos depressivos e afetivo bipolar emergiram como os principais transtornos mentais apontados pelos trabalhadores como decorrentes das condições de trabalho vivenciadas. Quanto à capacidade laborativa e o nexo causal, observou-se que os peritos acolheram o nexo causal do adoecimento mental com o trabalho em 72% dos casos analisados e na maioria dos casos a sentença de primeira instância acompanhou a conclusão pericial e reconheceu o nexo causal. Os dados apontam uma prevalência de decisões baseadas na prova pericial produzida nos autos. Apurou-se grande discrepância no arbitramento de valores indenizatórios. As indenizações são arbitradas em valores ínfimos, considerando-se o porte econômico do agressor e, principalmente, a necessidade de utilização deste arbitramento como viés preventivo para as ocorrências de violência laboral. Na maioria dos casos analisados o valor arbitrado a título de indenização por dano extrapatrimonial foi alterado no curso do processo e a decisão do TST foi proferida após entrada em vigor da Lei 13.467/17 (Reforma Trabalhista). Os dados apontam que o TST não tem considerado o Art. 223-G da CLT, mantendo a aplicação da legislação civil. Considerações finais: A passividade do julgador chancela a gestão por medo, convalidando-a. Há uma visão reducionista, monetizada, que se limita a fixar uma reparação financeira ao trabalhador. Os julgadores não compreendem o adoecimento mental como um processo, desprezando a trajetória de sofrimento. Buscam critérios objetivos para enquadrar os fatos no trinômio conduta-nexo-dano. As decisões judiciais sinalizam para a sociedade os valores civilizatórios que devem ser respeitados. Como protagonista atual do cenário político nacional, cabe ao Judiciário Trabalhista dar resposta efetiva para este mal que assola o mundo do trabalho. Valores ínfimos não atingem o objetivo preventivo e pedagógico e tem contribuído para estimular condições de trabalho degradantes, o que aumenta ao número de casos de adoecimento mental e por consequência, de novas ações no Judiciário trabalhista.
Introduction: The world of contemporary work is changing. This process has meant an increasing precariousness of social work relationships and severe impacts on the mental health of the working class. Objective: Based on the problem of precarious work and the reflexes on mental illness, the present study aims to understand the perception of work-related mental disorders by the Labor Judiciary and how it positions itself in relation to the recognition of the causal link preventing and remedying damage to workers. Method: A case study was used, using a qualitative approach. The investigation was carried out through documentary research, with public data from decisions of the Superior Labor Court. 22 processes published between the period from 01/07/2017 to 06/30/2020 were analyzed. The information obtained in the judicial decisions was analyzed according to the case analysis method. Results: The data analysis was synthesized in three thematic groups, namely: i. maddening working conditions; ii. causal link and the worker in the crossfire; iii. how much mental suffering at work is worth. The results show that the judges understand the work conditions that generate work-related mental disorders as an illegal act that needs to be repaired. They understand that conduct such as abusive demands for goals and results, vexing and humiliating offenses, limitation on the use of toilets, as well as dismissals of disabled workers are practices that go beyond the power of employment and good faith in employment relationships. These are moral violence that should not be tolerated. With regard to mental illness, depressive episodes and depressive and bipolar affective disorders emerged as the main mental disorders pointed out by workers as resulting from the experienced working conditions. Regarding work capacity and the causal link, it was observed that the experts accepted the causal link of mental illness with work in 72% of the analyzed cases. In 90% of the cases, the first instance ruling followed the expert conclusion and recognized the causal link. The data indicate a prevalence of decisions based on the expert evidence produced in the records. One suggestion is the creation of an own staff of experts by the Labor Court. As for the amounts arbitrated as indemnity, the results showed large discrepancies in arbitration. Indemnities are arbitrated in very small amounts, considering the economic size of the aggressor and, mainly, the need to use this arbitration as a preventive bias for the occurrence of labor violence. The data indicate that there are constant differences between the judges regarding the arbitrated amount. In 95% of the cases, the amount arbitrated as compensation for off-balance-sheet damage was changed in the course of the process. In 90% of the cases analyzed, the TST decision was rendered after Law 13.467 / 17 (Labor Reform) entered into force. The data indicate that the TST has not considered Article 223-G of the CLT, maintaining the application of civil legislation. Final considerations: The judge's passivity endorses the management for harassment, validating it. There is a reductionist, monetized view, which is limited to fixing financial compensation to the worker. Judges do not understand mental illness as a process, neglecting the trajectory of suffering. They seek objective criteria to fit the facts in the conduct-nexus-damage trinomial. Judicial decisions signal to society the civilizing values that must be respected. As the current protagonist of the national political scene, it is up to the Labor Judiciary to provide an effective response to this evil that plagues the world of work. Tiny values do not reach the preventive and pedagogical objective and have contributed to stimulate degrading working conditions, which increases the number of cases of mental illness and, consequently, of new actions in the Labor Judiciary.
Introduction: The world of contemporary work is changing. This process has meant an increasing precariousness of social work relationships and severe impacts on the mental health of the working class. Objective: Based on the problem of precarious work and the reflexes on mental illness, the present study aims to understand the perception of work-related mental disorders by the Labor Judiciary and how it positions itself in relation to the recognition of the causal link preventing and remedying damage to workers. Method: A case study was used, using a qualitative approach. The investigation was carried out through documentary research, with public data from decisions of the Superior Labor Court. 22 processes published between the period from 01/07/2017 to 06/30/2020 were analyzed. The information obtained in the judicial decisions was analyzed according to the case analysis method. Results: The data analysis was synthesized in three thematic groups, namely: i. maddening working conditions; ii. causal link and the worker in the crossfire; iii. how much mental suffering at work is worth. The results show that the judges understand the work conditions that generate work-related mental disorders as an illegal act that needs to be repaired. They understand that conduct such as abusive demands for goals and results, vexing and humiliating offenses, limitation on the use of toilets, as well as dismissals of disabled workers are practices that go beyond the power of employment and good faith in employment relationships. These are moral violence that should not be tolerated. With regard to mental illness, depressive episodes and depressive and bipolar affective disorders emerged as the main mental disorders pointed out by workers as resulting from the experienced working conditions. Regarding work capacity and the causal link, it was observed that the experts accepted the causal link of mental illness with work in 72% of the analyzed cases. In 90% of the cases, the first instance ruling followed the expert conclusion and recognized the causal link. The data indicate a prevalence of decisions based on the expert evidence produced in the records. One suggestion is the creation of an own staff of experts by the Labor Court. As for the amounts arbitrated as indemnity, the results showed large discrepancies in arbitration. Indemnities are arbitrated in very small amounts, considering the economic size of the aggressor and, mainly, the need to use this arbitration as a preventive bias for the occurrence of labor violence. The data indicate that there are constant differences between the judges regarding the arbitrated amount. In 95% of the cases, the amount arbitrated as compensation for off-balance-sheet damage was changed in the course of the process. In 90% of the cases analyzed, the TST decision was rendered after Law 13.467 / 17 (Labor Reform) entered into force. The data indicate that the TST has not considered Article 223-G of the CLT, maintaining the application of civil legislation. Final considerations: The judge's passivity endorses the management for harassment, validating it. There is a reductionist, monetized view, which is limited to fixing financial compensation to the worker. Judges do not understand mental illness as a process, neglecting the trajectory of suffering. They seek objective criteria to fit the facts in the conduct-nexus-damage trinomial. Judicial decisions signal to society the civilizing values that must be respected. As the current protagonist of the national political scene, it is up to the Labor Judiciary to provide an effective response to this evil that plagues the world of work. Tiny values do not reach the preventive and pedagogical objective and have contributed to stimulate degrading working conditions, which increases the number of cases of mental illness and, consequently, of new actions in the Labor Judiciary.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Transtorno mental relacionado ao trabalho, Condições de trabalho, Justiça do trabalho, Nexo causal, Saúde do trabalhador, Mental disorder, Work conditions, Work justice, Causal link, Worker's health