Orações condicionais na Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras): uma análise funcionalista
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Data
2021-05-27
Autores
Aleixo, Felipe [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Nesta pesquisa, tivemos o objetivo geral de descrever e analisar, partindo de uma perspectiva funcionalista, como as relações de condicionalidade podem ser expressas na Libras partindo de produções naturais de uso, extraídas do Corpus de Libras da UFSC. Nesse sentido, observamos como as orações condicionais são elaboradas em discursos naturais, seja a partir de um enlace conjuntivo, em que há o uso das conjunções manuais SE e EXEMPLO, seja por um enlace justaposto, quer dizer, em que marcadores não manuais explicitam esse uso. De modo específico, buscamos apontar quais marcadores não manuais gramaticais estão associados à expressão de condicionalidade, relacionando-os aos diferentes tipos de condicionais que identificamos na Libras seja seguindo critérios semânticos, em que observamos os graus de hipoteticidade, seja seguindo os parâmetros de seus domínios de uso, tal como Sweetser (2002) e Dancygier (2003) sugerem. Ainda, avaliamos a ordem das condicionais, considerando suas possíveis motivações quanto ao uso dos constituintes condicionais codificados como tópicos ou adendos (FORD; THOMPSON, 1986; HIRATA, 1999). Para isso, recolhemos 64 ocorrências de condicionais da Libras e partimos para uma análise quali-quantitativa, considerando, como grupos de fatores: critérios formais, ao identificar marcadores manuais e não manuais que apresentam um padrão de uso nessas orações, bem como ao observar a ordem dos constituintes, relacionando-os ao tipo de informação que veiculam; critérios semânticos, ao observar os sentidos expressos quanto ao grau de hipoteticidade; critérios semântico-pragmáticos, ao observar a relação de sentido das condicionais quanto aos domínios de uso. Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos atestar que: (i) o uso mais prototípico das condicionais na Libras é o arqueamento das sobrancelhas sobre a prótase, juntamente com a produção do mouthing de “si” e com a projeção da cabeça para a frente. Isso pode ser seguido por um piscar de olhos que demarca a passagem do constituinte antecedente para o consequente; na apódose, há uma mudança no formato das sobrancelhas, bem como uma mudança na inclinação da cabeça. Esses usos podem, todavia, sofrer influência de outras funções no discurso, o que pode alterar, também, a sua realização. (ii) A anteposição, ou seja, a sequência prótase > apódose, tem uso mais representativo no uso da Libras; a posposição, todavia, não é agramatical. As prótases das condicionais antepostas veiculam informações dadas/inferíveis; as das condicionais pospostas, em contrapartida, apresentam, sempre, uma relação de novidade. Nesse sentido, as prótases das condicionais antepostas funcionam como tópicos das sentenças em que ocorrem, ao passo que as pospostas funcionam como adendos restritivos. (iii) Quanto aos graus de hipoteticidade das orações condicionais, nossos dados demonstram a impossibilidade de distribuí-las em grupos discretos, uma vez que muitos usos de MNM e de outros sinais manuais se sobrepõem às ocorrências. Sendo assim, propusemos uma análise a partir de um continuum, em que situações que se estabelecem mais próximas do polo esquerdo demonstram noções +factuais, e, à medida que “caminham” pelo continuum, passam a ter uma interpretação +hipotética. Logo, quanto mais à direita do continuum, menor a possibilidade de realização (-factual). (iv) Com relação aos domínios de uso, identificamos ocorrências para os quatro grupos, a saber, de conteúdo, epistêmico, de atos de fala e metatextual. Com relação aos tipos de usos (de conteúdo, epistêmico, de atos de fala e metatextual), não confirmamos nossa hipótese de que há marcadores específicos para esses usos.
In this thesis, whose general objective is to describe and analyze, from a functionalist perspective, how the relations of conditionality can be expressed in Libras at natural productions of use, extracted from the Libras Corpus of UFSC. In this sense, we observe conditional sentences elaborated in natural speeches, either from a conjunctive link, in which there is the use of manual conjunctions SE and EXEMPLO, or through a juxtaposed link, in which the use of non-manual markers makes explicit this use. Specifically, we seek to point out which non-manual grammatical markers are associated with the expression of conditionality, relating them to the different types of conditionals that we identify in Libras, either by following semantic criteria, in which we observe the degrees of hypotheticality, either by following the parameters of their domains of use, as Sweetser (2002) and Dancygier (2003) suggest. We still evaluated the order of conditionals, considering their possible motivations regarding the use of conditional constituents coded as topics or addendums (FORD; THOMPSON, 1986; HIRATA, 1999). For this, we collected 64 conditionals of Libras occurrences and started a qualiquantitative analysis, considering, as groups of factors: formal criteria, when identifying manual and non-manual markers that present a pattern of use in these sentences, as well as observing the order of constituents, relating them to the type of information they convey; semantic criteria, when observing the meanings expressed as to the degree of hypotheticality; semantic-pragmatic criteria, when observing the relation of meaning of the conditionals regarding the domains of use. The obtained results allow us to attest that: (i) the most prototypical use of conditionals in Libras is the arching of the eyebrows over the prosthesis, together with the production of the “si” mouthing with the projection of the head forward. This can be followed by a blink of an eye that marks the passage from the previous constituent to the consequent; in apodosis, there is a change in the shape of the eyebrows, as well as a change in the head’s inclination. These uses can, however, be influenced by other functions in the speech, which can also change its performance. (ii) The preposition, that is, the protease sequence> apodosis, has more representative use in Libras; the postposition, however, is not ungrammatical. The proteases of the preconditioned conditionals convey given / inferable information; those of the postponed conditionals, on the other hand, always present a relationship of novelty. In this sense, the proteases of the prepositional conditionals function as topics of the sentences in which they occur, whereas the postpositions function as restrictive addenda. (iii) Regarding the degrees of hypotheticality of the conditional sentences, our data demonstrate the impossibility of distributing them in discrete groups, since many uses of MNM and other manual signs overlap the occurrences. Therefore, we proposed an analysis based on a continuum, in which situations that are closer to the left pole demonstrate notions + factual, and, as they “walk” through the continuum, they come to have a + hypothetical interpretation. Therefore, the further to the right of the continuum, the less the possibility of realization (- factual). (iv) Regarding the domains of use, we identified occurrences for the four groups, namely, content, epistemic, of speech acts and metatextual. Regarding the types of uses (content, epistemic, of speech acts and metatextual), we do not confirm our hypothesis that there are specific markers for these uses
In this thesis, whose general objective is to describe and analyze, from a functionalist perspective, how the relations of conditionality can be expressed in Libras at natural productions of use, extracted from the Libras Corpus of UFSC. In this sense, we observe conditional sentences elaborated in natural speeches, either from a conjunctive link, in which there is the use of manual conjunctions SE and EXEMPLO, or through a juxtaposed link, in which the use of non-manual markers makes explicit this use. Specifically, we seek to point out which non-manual grammatical markers are associated with the expression of conditionality, relating them to the different types of conditionals that we identify in Libras, either by following semantic criteria, in which we observe the degrees of hypotheticality, either by following the parameters of their domains of use, as Sweetser (2002) and Dancygier (2003) suggest. We still evaluated the order of conditionals, considering their possible motivations regarding the use of conditional constituents coded as topics or addendums (FORD; THOMPSON, 1986; HIRATA, 1999). For this, we collected 64 conditionals of Libras occurrences and started a qualiquantitative analysis, considering, as groups of factors: formal criteria, when identifying manual and non-manual markers that present a pattern of use in these sentences, as well as observing the order of constituents, relating them to the type of information they convey; semantic criteria, when observing the meanings expressed as to the degree of hypotheticality; semantic-pragmatic criteria, when observing the relation of meaning of the conditionals regarding the domains of use. The obtained results allow us to attest that: (i) the most prototypical use of conditionals in Libras is the arching of the eyebrows over the prosthesis, together with the production of the “si” mouthing with the projection of the head forward. This can be followed by a blink of an eye that marks the passage from the previous constituent to the consequent; in apodosis, there is a change in the shape of the eyebrows, as well as a change in the head’s inclination. These uses can, however, be influenced by other functions in the speech, which can also change its performance. (ii) The preposition, that is, the protease sequence> apodosis, has more representative use in Libras; the postposition, however, is not ungrammatical. The proteases of the preconditioned conditionals convey given / inferable information; those of the postponed conditionals, on the other hand, always present a relationship of novelty. In this sense, the proteases of the prepositional conditionals function as topics of the sentences in which they occur, whereas the postpositions function as restrictive addenda. (iii) Regarding the degrees of hypotheticality of the conditional sentences, our data demonstrate the impossibility of distributing them in discrete groups, since many uses of MNM and other manual signs overlap the occurrences. Therefore, we proposed an analysis based on a continuum, in which situations that are closer to the left pole demonstrate notions + factual, and, as they “walk” through the continuum, they come to have a + hypothetical interpretation. Therefore, the further to the right of the continuum, the less the possibility of realization (- factual). (iv) Regarding the domains of use, we identified occurrences for the four groups, namely, content, epistemic, of speech acts and metatextual. Regarding the types of uses (content, epistemic, of speech acts and metatextual), we do not confirm our hypothesis that there are specific markers for these uses
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Palavras-chave
Orações Condicionais., Libras., Perspectiva funcionalista., Condicionalidade., Línguas de Sinais., Conditionals Clauses, Functionalist perspective, Conditionality, Sign language