A gramaticalização dos verbos “ver” e “olhar” no português falado do interior paulista: uma abordagem discursivo-funcional
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Data
2021-06-07
Autores
Nogueira, Lua Camilo
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o processo de gramaticalização (doravante GR) dos verbos “ver” e “olhar”, buscando (i) identificar os diferentes usos dessas formas verbais; (ii) verificar os níveis e as camadas de organização da gramática em que essas formas operam, de forma a obter evidências de ordem pragmática, semântica e morfossintática que auxiliem na proposição de uma trajetória de GR em termos de mudança de conteúdo e mudança formal; (iii) investigar se é possível traçar um paralelo no tocante às trajetórias de GR dos itens verbais de maneira a identificar possíveis pontos de convergência e/ou dissonância entre os seus usos. Para tanto, adotamos como aparato teórico os estudos do processo de GR em sua concepção mais clássica (HEINE et al.,1991; TRAUGOTT, 1995, 2003; BYBEE, 2003; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 1993, entre outros) e o modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (doravante GDF), de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Os resultados apontam para a existência de uma trajetória de GR que se inicia nas camadas mais baixas do Nível Representacional e ruma, sucessivamente, das camadas mais baixas para as camadas mais altas do Nível Interpessoal, com mudanças que afetam tanto o estatuto semântico e pragmático quanto o estatuto formal (morfossintático e fonológico) desses itens, uma vez que se observa uma movimentação que vai de lexema (item pleno de conteúdo) > operador lexical (itens híbridos) > operador (itens gramaticais/funções) (HENGEVELD, 2017). Como esperado, os itens verbais examinados não realizam o percurso inverso de mudança, ou seja, para camadas anteriores ao ponto de partida do processo de GR, conforme alegam Hengeveld (2017), Barreto e Souza (2016), Dall’Aglio-Hattnher e Hengeveld (2016), Fontes (2016) e Hengeveld; Narrog; Olbertz (2017). Além disso, verifica-se que, ao comparar os trajetos seguidos pelos dois verbos, “olhar” encontra-se mais gramaticalizado do que “ver”, visto que é mais frequente e mais produtivo em contextos interacionais-discursivos.
The aim of this research is to analyze the grammaticalization process (henceforth GR) of the verbs “ver” (to see) and “olhar” (to look), seeking (i) to identify the different uses of these verbal forms; (ii) verify the levels and layers of organization of the grammar in which these forms operate, in order to obtain evidence of a pragmatic, semantic and morphosyntactic for proposing a GR trajectory in terms of content change and formal change; (iii) investigate whether it is possible to draw a parallel with respect to the GR trajectories of verbal items in order to identify possible points of convergence and / or dissonance ones among their uses. In order to do that, we adopted as a theoretical apparatus the studies of the GR process in its most classic conception (HEINE et al., 1991; TRAUGOTT, 1995, 2003; BYBEE, 2003; HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 1993, among others) and the Functional Discourse-Grammar (GDF), developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). The results point to the existence of a GR trajectory that begins in the lower layers of the Representational Level and moves, successively, from the lower layers to the upper layers of the Interpersonal Level, with changes that affect both the semantic and pragmatic status as well as the formal status (morphosyntactic and phonological) of these items, since there is a movement that goes from lexeme (full contente item)> lexical operator (hybrid items)> operator (grammatical items / functions) (HENGEVELD, 2017). As expected, the verbal items examined in this research do not carry out the reverse path of change, that is, for layers prior to the starting point of the GR process, as claimed by Hengeveld (2017), Barreto and Souza (2016), Dall'Aglio-Hattnher and Hengeveld (2016), Fontes (2016) and Hengeveld; Narrog; Olbertz (2017). In addition, it appears that when comparing the paths followed by the two verbs, the verb “olhar” (to look) is more grammatical than “ver” (to see), because it is more frequent and productive in interactive-discursive contexts.
The aim of this research is to analyze the grammaticalization process (henceforth GR) of the verbs “ver” (to see) and “olhar” (to look), seeking (i) to identify the different uses of these verbal forms; (ii) verify the levels and layers of organization of the grammar in which these forms operate, in order to obtain evidence of a pragmatic, semantic and morphosyntactic for proposing a GR trajectory in terms of content change and formal change; (iii) investigate whether it is possible to draw a parallel with respect to the GR trajectories of verbal items in order to identify possible points of convergence and / or dissonance ones among their uses. In order to do that, we adopted as a theoretical apparatus the studies of the GR process in its most classic conception (HEINE et al., 1991; TRAUGOTT, 1995, 2003; BYBEE, 2003; HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 1993, among others) and the Functional Discourse-Grammar (GDF), developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). The results point to the existence of a GR trajectory that begins in the lower layers of the Representational Level and moves, successively, from the lower layers to the upper layers of the Interpersonal Level, with changes that affect both the semantic and pragmatic status as well as the formal status (morphosyntactic and phonological) of these items, since there is a movement that goes from lexeme (full contente item)> lexical operator (hybrid items)> operator (grammatical items / functions) (HENGEVELD, 2017). As expected, the verbal items examined in this research do not carry out the reverse path of change, that is, for layers prior to the starting point of the GR process, as claimed by Hengeveld (2017), Barreto and Souza (2016), Dall'Aglio-Hattnher and Hengeveld (2016), Fontes (2016) and Hengeveld; Narrog; Olbertz (2017). In addition, it appears that when comparing the paths followed by the two verbs, the verb “olhar” (to look) is more grammatical than “ver” (to see), because it is more frequent and productive in interactive-discursive contexts.
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Palavras-chave
Gramaticalização, Gramática discursivo-funcional, Verbo “ver”, Verbo “olhar”, Grammaticalization, Functional discourse-grammar, Verb “ver” (to see), Verb “olhar” (to look)