Ilhas de calor em Sinop-MT: análise das características térmicas em conjunto com os aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais
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Data
2021-07-13
Autores
Araújo, Luis Flávio de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A materialização das relações sociais no espaço, resulta em formas que tendem a alterar as propriedades físicas da área e consequentemente a paisagem. Estas alterações podem ser sazonais ou permanentes e deixam marcas no sistema ambiental que se reorganiza e manifesta novos fenômenos, sobretudo nos elementos do clima local, dada a sua relação de proximidade com a superfície alterada. O espaço urbano, derivado da substituição da cobertura vegetal por novos materiais e usos, e a dinamicidade dada pelas atividades socioeconômicas do entorno rural, se apresentam como exemplos de transformações no espaço e na paisagem que podem resultar em alterações na componente climática da temperatura do ar na escala local. Nesse sentido, as cidades de pequeno e médio porte, sobretudo as associadas a produção agroexportadora, se tornam excelentes áreas de pesquisa para a verificação do impacto das atividades humanas – urbanas e rurais – nos mecanismos físicos da área em que se materializam. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e analisar as ilhas de calor atuantes em Sinop/MT, por meio da espacialização da temperatura do ar e das intensidades das ilhas de calor superficiais de acordo com os sistemas atmosféricos atuantes e estabelecendo relações com as características paisagísticas urbanas e do entorno rural. Para o atendimento da proposta, fez-se uso da contextualização da área de estudo e seus processos de formação e consolidação que contribuíram para a identificação de classes das propriedades da paisagem baseadas na proposta das Local Climate Zones – LCZ (STEWART, 2011); da espacialização e correlação da temperatura superficial em função dos sistemas atmosféricos atuantes e da sazonalidade da distribuição do Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – NDVI; da análise da variabilidade diária da ilha de calor atmosférica e sua relação com as condições do tempo; da espacialização da temperatura do ar e a sua correlação com as propriedades paisagísticas; e da análise das influências dos aspectos urbanos e geoambientais na alteração da temperatura do ar na escala local. Os resultados encontrados evidenciaram a produção e consolidação do espaço urbano e das atividades pautadas na produção de commodities orientadas por ações governamentais e privadas, que culminaram na intrínseca relação e estruturação da cidade voltada para a produção agrícola, possibilitando a formação de distintas paisagens urbanas e rurais que tendem a manifestar características térmicas diferenciadas. No que condiz às características da ilha de calor superficial, tem-se o padrão geral de maior aquecimento das áreas urbanas no período chuvoso e de produção agrícola, e posterior rearranjo das intensidades mais elevadas para as áreas destinadas aos cultivos, no período de estiagem e vazio sanitário, associadas a sazonal presença de solo exposto. Evidenciou-se também a predominância da fraca magnitude da ilha de calor atmosférica na presença de sistemas atmosféricos instáveis, enquanto os mecanismos de estabilidade possibilitaram a persistência e maior desenvolvimento – horário e mensal – das magnitudes média e forte. No tocante a espacialização da temperatura do ar e intensidade da ilha de calor atmosférica e sua relação com as propriedades paisagísticas, constatou-se a configuração das áreas características de LCZ A como as responsáveis por baixas intensidades e temperaturas, enquanto as LCZs 3, 3B, 6 e 8 – características das áreas construídas – se apresentaram mais aquecidas em relação à anterior; bem como a manifestação, por parte de porções da LCZ DF de valores semelhantes a LCZ 6. Por fim, verificou-se também a influência das propriedades e características da paisagem, dos elementos físicos, da organização espacial urbana e da interação da energia solar e materiais da superfície sobre a temperatura do ar, atingindo assim o objetivo proposto.
The materialization of social relations in space results in shapes that tend to change the physical properties of the area and consequently the landscape. These alterations can be seasonal or permanent and leave marks in the environmental system that reorganizes itself and manifests new phenomena, especially in the elements of the local climate, given its relationship of proximity to the altered surface. Urban space, derived from the replacement of plant cover by new materials and uses, and the dynamicity given by the socioeconomic activities of the rural environment, are examples of transformations in space and landscape that can result in changes in the climate component of air temperature on the local scale. In this sense, small and mediumsized cities, especially those associated with agro-exporting production, become excellent research areas for verifying the impact of human activities – urban and rural – on the physical mechanisms of the area in which they materialize. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the acting heat islands in a Brazilian Region named Sinop /Mato Grosso, by the spatialization of air temperature and the intensities of the superficial heat islands according to the acting atmospheric systems and establishing relations with the urban landscape and rural surroundings. To meet the proposal, it was used the contextualization of the study area and its processes of formation and consolidation that contributed to the identification of classes of landscape properties based on the proposal of the Local Climate Zones - LCZ (STEWART, 2011); the spatialization and correlation of the surface temperature according to the acting atmospheric systems and the distribution seasonality of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – NDVI; the analysis of the daily variability of the atmospheric heat island and its relation to weather conditions; the air temperature spatialization and its correlation with landscape properties; and the analysis of the influences of the urban and geo-environmental aspects in the change in air temperature on the local scale. The results evidenced the production and consolidation of urban space and activities based on the production of commodities guided by governmental and private actions, which culminated in the intrinsic relation and structuring of the city focused on agricultural production, enabling the formation of distinct urban and rural landscapes that tend to manifest differentiated thermal characteristics. Regarding the characteristics of the superficial heat island, it has the general pattern of higher heating of urban areas in the periods of rain and agricultural production, and the subsequent rearrangement of the higher intensities for areas intended for cultivation, in the dry season and fallowing period, associated with the seasonal presence of exposed soil. It was also evidenced a predominance of the low magnitude of the island of atmospheric heat in the presence of unstable atmospheric systems, while the stability mechanisms made possible the persistence and greater development – hourly and monthly – of the medium and strong magnitudes. Regarding the air temperature spatialization and the intensity of the island of atmospheric heat and its relationship with landscape properties, it was found the configuration of the LCZ A characteristic areas as those responsible for low intensities and temperatures, while the LCZs 3, 3B, 6 and 8 – characteristics of the built areas – were more heated in relation to the previous one; as well as the manifestation by portions of the LCZ DF of values similar to the LCZ 6. Lastly, it was verified also the influence of the landscape properties and characteristics, physical elements, urban space organization and the interaction of solar energy and surface materials on air temperature, thus reaching the purpose of the study.
The materialization of social relations in space results in shapes that tend to change the physical properties of the area and consequently the landscape. These alterations can be seasonal or permanent and leave marks in the environmental system that reorganizes itself and manifests new phenomena, especially in the elements of the local climate, given its relationship of proximity to the altered surface. Urban space, derived from the replacement of plant cover by new materials and uses, and the dynamicity given by the socioeconomic activities of the rural environment, are examples of transformations in space and landscape that can result in changes in the climate component of air temperature on the local scale. In this sense, small and mediumsized cities, especially those associated with agro-exporting production, become excellent research areas for verifying the impact of human activities – urban and rural – on the physical mechanisms of the area in which they materialize. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the acting heat islands in a Brazilian Region named Sinop /Mato Grosso, by the spatialization of air temperature and the intensities of the superficial heat islands according to the acting atmospheric systems and establishing relations with the urban landscape and rural surroundings. To meet the proposal, it was used the contextualization of the study area and its processes of formation and consolidation that contributed to the identification of classes of landscape properties based on the proposal of the Local Climate Zones - LCZ (STEWART, 2011); the spatialization and correlation of the surface temperature according to the acting atmospheric systems and the distribution seasonality of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – NDVI; the analysis of the daily variability of the atmospheric heat island and its relation to weather conditions; the air temperature spatialization and its correlation with landscape properties; and the analysis of the influences of the urban and geo-environmental aspects in the change in air temperature on the local scale. The results evidenced the production and consolidation of urban space and activities based on the production of commodities guided by governmental and private actions, which culminated in the intrinsic relation and structuring of the city focused on agricultural production, enabling the formation of distinct urban and rural landscapes that tend to manifest differentiated thermal characteristics. Regarding the characteristics of the superficial heat island, it has the general pattern of higher heating of urban areas in the periods of rain and agricultural production, and the subsequent rearrangement of the higher intensities for areas intended for cultivation, in the dry season and fallowing period, associated with the seasonal presence of exposed soil. It was also evidenced a predominance of the low magnitude of the island of atmospheric heat in the presence of unstable atmospheric systems, while the stability mechanisms made possible the persistence and greater development – hourly and monthly – of the medium and strong magnitudes. Regarding the air temperature spatialization and the intensity of the island of atmospheric heat and its relationship with landscape properties, it was found the configuration of the LCZ A characteristic areas as those responsible for low intensities and temperatures, while the LCZs 3, 3B, 6 and 8 – characteristics of the built areas – were more heated in relation to the previous one; as well as the manifestation by portions of the LCZ DF of values similar to the LCZ 6. Lastly, it was verified also the influence of the landscape properties and characteristics, physical elements, urban space organization and the interaction of solar energy and surface materials on air temperature, thus reaching the purpose of the study.
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Palavras-chave
Clima urbano, Ilhas de calor, Modelagem espacial, Sinop/MT, Urban climate, Urban heat island, Spatial modelling