Aplicação da avaliação do ciclo de vida no cálculo do fator de emissão de gases de efeito estufa da geração de energia elétrica no Brasil
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Data
2021-09-29
Autores
Mfumu, Kiala Muana
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os impactos dos sistemas de geração de eletricidade ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana podem ser estimados através da aplicação de métodos para a avaliação de desempenho ambiental de produtos e serviços. As estimativas variam em função de vários fatores como o tipo de tecnologia, as características destes sistemas e geo-localização, por mencionar alguns fatores. Um dos métodos para estimar estes impactos é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Na presente pesquisa utiliza-se o método de ACV para calcular o fator de emissão (FE) de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) da matriz elétrica brasileira a partir dos sistemas de geração de eletricidade em operação no setor público do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN). Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura com meta-análise no qual foram combinados dados quantitativos de estimativas das emissões de GEE extraídos dos estudos de ACV de sistemas de geração de eletricidade. A meta-análise foi complementada com a aplicação do método de harmonização e processamento estatístico, no qual as estimativas fornecidas pelos estudos foram alinhadas para se estabelecer análises comparativas em termos de variabilidade e tendências centrais (medianas). As normas internacionais ISO:14040/44-2006 foram aplicadas de acordo com o escopo da pesquisa, considerando as tecnologias e as características dos sistemas que compõem a matriz elétrica do SIN, dentro da fronteira definida na pesquisa. O cálculo do FE de GEE do ciclo de vida foi apresentado separadamente para cada sistema de geração e posteriormente para a matriz em referência. Foram obtidas as estimativas de emissões de GEE de 96,5 gCO2-eq/kWh (hidrelétricas), 12,2 gCO2-eq/kWh (nucleares), 1052,8 gCO2-eq/kWh (termelétrica a carvão) 460,8 gCO2-eq/kWh (termelétrica a gás natural), 1001 gCO2-eq/kWh (termelétrica a óleo combustível) e 1178 gCO2-eq/kWh (termelétrica a óleo diesel). O FE de GEE do ciclo de vida da matriz elétrica do SIN foi estimado em 99,6 gCO2-eq/kWh, tendo resultado superior àquele estimado pelo Ministério da Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação, que não considera a ACV na sua abordagem e estima apenas as emissões da etapa operacional (midstream) dos sistemas de geração de eletricidade. Os resultados podem contribuir na formulação de políticas públicas para a tomada de decisões como a inclusão da ACV na avaliação ambiental de sistemas de geração de eletricidade do Brasil, impactando positivamente no desenvolvimento social, econômico e ambiental do país.
The impacts of electricity generation systems on the environment and human health can be estimated through the application of methods to assess the environmental performance of products and services. Estimatives vary depending on several factors such as the type of technology, the characteristics of these systems and geographic locations, just to mention a few factors. One of the methods to estimate these impacts is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In the present research, an LCA method is used to calculate the emission factor (EF) of greenhouse gases (GHG) of the Brazilian electricity matrix from the electricity generation systems operating in the public sector of the National Interconnected System (SIN). Hence, a systematic literature review was carried out with meta-analytical approach in which quantitative data from estimatives of GHG emissions extracted from LCA studies of electricity generation systems were combined. The meta-analysis was complemented with the application of the method of harmonization and statistical processing in which the estimates provides by the studies were aligned to establish comparative analyzes in term of variability and mean trends (medians). International ISO standards: 14040/44-2006 were applied according to the scope of the research, considering the technologies and characteristics of the systems that make up the electrical matrix of SIN, within the frontier defined in the research. The GHG life cycle EF calculation was presented separately for each generation system and later for the reference matrix. Estimatives of 96,5 gCO2-eq/kWh (hydroelectric), 12,2 gCO2- eq/kWh (nuclear), 1052,8 gCO2-eq/kWh (coal-fired), 460,8 gCO2-eq/kWh (natural gas thermoeletric), 1001 gCO2-eq/kWh (fuel oil thermoeletric) and 1178 gCO2-eq/kWh (diesel oil thermoeletric) were obtained. The life cycle EF of GHG of the SIN electrical matrix was estimated at 99,6 gCO2-eq/kWh, witch resulted higher than that estimated by Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, which does not consider LCA in its approach and only estimates the emissions from the operational (midstream) stage of the electricity generation systems. The results can contribute to the formulations of policies for decision-makers, such as the inclusion of LCA tool in the environmental assessment of electricity generation systems in Brazil, enhancing positively to the country’s social, economic and environmental development.
The impacts of electricity generation systems on the environment and human health can be estimated through the application of methods to assess the environmental performance of products and services. Estimatives vary depending on several factors such as the type of technology, the characteristics of these systems and geographic locations, just to mention a few factors. One of the methods to estimate these impacts is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In the present research, an LCA method is used to calculate the emission factor (EF) of greenhouse gases (GHG) of the Brazilian electricity matrix from the electricity generation systems operating in the public sector of the National Interconnected System (SIN). Hence, a systematic literature review was carried out with meta-analytical approach in which quantitative data from estimatives of GHG emissions extracted from LCA studies of electricity generation systems were combined. The meta-analysis was complemented with the application of the method of harmonization and statistical processing in which the estimates provides by the studies were aligned to establish comparative analyzes in term of variability and mean trends (medians). International ISO standards: 14040/44-2006 were applied according to the scope of the research, considering the technologies and characteristics of the systems that make up the electrical matrix of SIN, within the frontier defined in the research. The GHG life cycle EF calculation was presented separately for each generation system and later for the reference matrix. Estimatives of 96,5 gCO2-eq/kWh (hydroelectric), 12,2 gCO2- eq/kWh (nuclear), 1052,8 gCO2-eq/kWh (coal-fired), 460,8 gCO2-eq/kWh (natural gas thermoeletric), 1001 gCO2-eq/kWh (fuel oil thermoeletric) and 1178 gCO2-eq/kWh (diesel oil thermoeletric) were obtained. The life cycle EF of GHG of the SIN electrical matrix was estimated at 99,6 gCO2-eq/kWh, witch resulted higher than that estimated by Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, which does not consider LCA in its approach and only estimates the emissions from the operational (midstream) stage of the electricity generation systems. The results can contribute to the formulations of policies for decision-makers, such as the inclusion of LCA tool in the environmental assessment of electricity generation systems in Brazil, enhancing positively to the country’s social, economic and environmental development.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Matriz elétrica., Avaliação de ciclo de vida., Geração de energia elétrica., Fator de emissão., Gás de efeito estufa., Meta-análise., Harmonização., Electrical matrix, Life cycle assessment, Electric power generation, Emission factor, Greenhouse gas, Meta-Analysis, Harmonization, Gases estufa, Energia elétrica - distribuição, Sistemas de energia elétrica