Transição de ecoeficiência na construção de habitações populares na Amazônia, pela introdução de bambu, considerando a avaliação de ciclo de vida
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Data
2021-09-24
Autores
Araújo, Letícia Medeiros de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A Amazônia brasileira abrange o norte do país e está distante dos principais centros econômicos e industriais do Brasil. Esse isolamento emerge desafios de logística de materiais para a região, incluindo aqueles relacionados à construção civil. A demanda no setor construtivo tem crescido nessa região, pelo seu potencial econômico, gerando também mais impactos ambientais ligados à produção dos materiais construtivos, aos modais de logística e ao desenvolvimento da obra civil. A avaliação de ciclo de vida (ACV) tem sido cada vez mais utilizada no setor construtivo, realizando uma análise do produto ou do processo em todo seu período de vida útil. A presente pesquisa consiste em avaliar a transição de ecoeficiência na construção de habitações populares na Amazônia, pela introdução do bambu. O estudo foi realizado na cidade de Rio Branco, capital do estado do Acre (AC). Considerou-se inicialmente um projeto de casas populares e a sua comparação com materiais convencionais utilizados na construção civil, além da avaliação do efeito da introdução do bambu em substituição ao aço. Para o estudo foi elaborado um inventário da cadeia produtiva do bambu em Rio Branco e um inventário da construção da habitação popular para as duas concepções de projeto avaliadas, a partir de coleta de dados locais. Um estudo comparativo de ACV atribucional entre as residências com estruturas de bambu e aço, foi realizado com auxílio do software SimaPro v 9.1.0.11 e da metodologia ReCiPe 2016, com a abordagem midpoint (H). As categorias de impacto selecionadas foram: mudança climática, depleção do ozônio estratosférico, formação de material particulado, eutrofização de água doce, toxicidade humana cancerígena, esgotamento de recursos minerais e consumo de água. Para a transição de ecoeficiência, foi relacionado o valor econômico de cada residência obtido a partir de valores praticados na região, utilizando a tabela SINAPI, em relação ao quantitativo de carga ambiental de ambas, obtidos através da ACV realizada. Os resultados de ACV mostraram que a categoria de impacto relativamente mais significante foi a toxicidade humana cancerígena, em ambos os processos, porém a residência com a estrutura de bambu apresentou uma redução de 9,53% de diferença nessa categoria específica. A categoria de impacto de eutrofização da água doce se destacou no projeto estrutural de bambu em relação ao aço, com uma diferença de 2% entre os dois processos. As demais categorias de impacto também se mostraram menos impactantes na residência com estrutura de bambu em relação àquela com aço. A categoria de impacto que apresentou a maior diferença entre os dois processos foi o consumo de água, atingindo uma redução de 89% na estrutura de bambu. Na análise de econômica a residência com estrutura em aço apresentou um valor total da obra 16% inferior em relação à estrutura de bambu. Todavia, a residência com a parte estrutural em bambu apresentou uma ecoeficiência de 0,97 mPt/R$ enquanto a residência com parte estrutural em aço atingiu 1,37 mPt/R$, demonstrando uma transição de ecoeficiência desejável na construção de habitações populares na Amazônia. A partir desse estudo, foi possível concluir que a residência popular com estrutura em bambu em ambiente amazônico mostrou redução de 15,09% de impactos ambientais totais em relação a residência popular com estrutura convencional em aço, podendo esse número ser melhor quando apresentada soluções de melhorias na gestão de resíduos da cadeia produtiva de bambu artesanal.
The Brazilian Amazon covers the north of the country and is far from the main economic and industrial centers in Brazil. This isolation emerges material logistics challenges for the region, including those related to civil construction. The demand of the construction sector has grown in this region, due to its economic potential, also generating more environmental impacts linked to the production of construction materials, logistics modes and the development of civil works. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been increasingly used in the construction sector, carrying out an analysis of the product or process throughout its lifetime. The present research consists of evaluating the eco-efficiency transition in the construction of low-income housing in the Amazon, through the introduction of bamboo. The study was carried out in the city of Rio Branco, capital of the state of Acre (AC). Initially, it was considered a project of popular houses and its comparison with conventional materials used in civil construction, in addition to evaluating the effect of the introduction of bamboo to replace steel. For the study, an inventory of the bamboo production chain in Rio Branco and an inventory of the construction of popular housing were elaborated for the two evaluated project concepts, based on local data collection. A comparative study of attributional LCA between homes with bamboo and steel structures was carried out using the SimaPro v 9.1.0.11 software and the ReCiPe 2016 methodology, with the midpoint approach (H). The selected impact categories were: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, fine particulate matter formation, freshwater eutrophication, human carcinogenic toxicity, mineral resource scarcity, and water consumption. For the eco-efficiency transition, the economic value of each residence obtained from values practiced in the region was related, using the SINAPI table, in relation to the quantity of environmental load of both, obtained through the LCA carried out. The LCA results showed that the relatively more significant impact category was the human carcinogenic toxicity, in both processes, however the residence with the bamboo structure showed a reduction of 9.53% of difference in this specific category. The impact category of freshwater eutrophication stood out in the structural design of bamboo over steel, with a 2% difference between the two processes. The other impact categories were also less impactful in the bamboo structure compared to the steel house. The impact category that showed the greatest difference between the two processes was water consumption, reaching an 89% reduction in the bamboo structure. In the economic analysis, the residence with a steel structure presented a total value of the work 16% lower compared to the bamboo structure. However, the residence with the structural part in bamboo presented an eco-efficiency of 0.97 mPt/R$ while the residence with the structural part in steel reached 1.37 mPt/R$, demonstrating a desirable eco-efficiency transition in the construction of low-income housing in the Amazon. From this study, it was possible to conclude that the popular residence with a bamboo structure in an Amazonian environment showed a reduction of 15.09% of total environmental impacts compared to the popular residence with a conventional steel structure, and this number may be better when presented with solutions for improvements in waste management in the artisanal bamboo production chain.
The Brazilian Amazon covers the north of the country and is far from the main economic and industrial centers in Brazil. This isolation emerges material logistics challenges for the region, including those related to civil construction. The demand of the construction sector has grown in this region, due to its economic potential, also generating more environmental impacts linked to the production of construction materials, logistics modes and the development of civil works. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been increasingly used in the construction sector, carrying out an analysis of the product or process throughout its lifetime. The present research consists of evaluating the eco-efficiency transition in the construction of low-income housing in the Amazon, through the introduction of bamboo. The study was carried out in the city of Rio Branco, capital of the state of Acre (AC). Initially, it was considered a project of popular houses and its comparison with conventional materials used in civil construction, in addition to evaluating the effect of the introduction of bamboo to replace steel. For the study, an inventory of the bamboo production chain in Rio Branco and an inventory of the construction of popular housing were elaborated for the two evaluated project concepts, based on local data collection. A comparative study of attributional LCA between homes with bamboo and steel structures was carried out using the SimaPro v 9.1.0.11 software and the ReCiPe 2016 methodology, with the midpoint approach (H). The selected impact categories were: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, fine particulate matter formation, freshwater eutrophication, human carcinogenic toxicity, mineral resource scarcity, and water consumption. For the eco-efficiency transition, the economic value of each residence obtained from values practiced in the region was related, using the SINAPI table, in relation to the quantity of environmental load of both, obtained through the LCA carried out. The LCA results showed that the relatively more significant impact category was the human carcinogenic toxicity, in both processes, however the residence with the bamboo structure showed a reduction of 9.53% of difference in this specific category. The impact category of freshwater eutrophication stood out in the structural design of bamboo over steel, with a 2% difference between the two processes. The other impact categories were also less impactful in the bamboo structure compared to the steel house. The impact category that showed the greatest difference between the two processes was water consumption, reaching an 89% reduction in the bamboo structure. In the economic analysis, the residence with a steel structure presented a total value of the work 16% lower compared to the bamboo structure. However, the residence with the structural part in bamboo presented an eco-efficiency of 0.97 mPt/R$ while the residence with the structural part in steel reached 1.37 mPt/R$, demonstrating a desirable eco-efficiency transition in the construction of low-income housing in the Amazon. From this study, it was possible to conclude that the popular residence with a bamboo structure in an Amazonian environment showed a reduction of 15.09% of total environmental impacts compared to the popular residence with a conventional steel structure, and this number may be better when presented with solutions for improvements in waste management in the artisanal bamboo production chain.
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Palavras-chave
Construção Civil, Impacto Ambiental, Sustentabilidade, Inventário de Ciclo de Vida, Building, Sustainability