Comparação da frequência cardíaca máxima obtida em testes de campo, laboratório, fórmulas preditivas e em jogos oficiais de futebol e futsal
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Data
2021-08-31
Autores
Silva, Alexsandro Santos da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A frequência cardíaca é uma variável fisiológica amplamente utilizada no esporte, inclusive no futsal e futebol, para monitorar a intensidade e quantificar a carga interna de treinamento. O presente trabalho é composto por dois estudos, tendo como objetivo principal comparar a resposta da FCmax em jogos de futebol e futsal com a FCmax em testes físicos e equações preditoras. Estudo A: Os objetivos do estudo foram determinar a maior frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmax) entre três esforços (3E-FCmax), teste contínuo em esteira (GXT), teste intermitente com nível de recuperação 1 adaptado (YY1-A) e partida oficial (J- FS), e comparar cada um com a FCmax prevista para a idade de Fox-FCmax, Tanaka- FCmax e Nikolaidis- FCmax. Os oito participantes eram jogadores profissionais de futsal de uma equipe estadual. A maior FCmax em cada situação de esforço foi considerada para análise. A análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA) unilateral e o teste post-hoc de Bonferroni foram usados na análise estatística (p <0,05), bem como a análise de concordância de Bland Altman. Os tamanhos de efeito (ES) foram calculados por eta quadrado (ƞ2). FCmax de GXT foi menor do que J-FS e YY1-A (GXT vs. J-FS, p = 0,044; GXT vs. YY1-A, p = 0,005, J-FS vs. YY1-A, p = 0,960; ES = grande). A maior FCmax ocorreu em J-FS (6/8) e YY1-A (2/8). A FCmax prevista para a idade pelas três equações não diferiu de 3E- FCmax, entretanto, a análise de Bland Altman revelou baixa concordância em três comparações, variando em 12 bpm. A FCmax prevista para a idade por três equações diferiu de cada uma (p <0,001; ES = grande). As equações Fox- FCmax, Nikolaidis- FCmax e Tanaka- FCmax podem levar a erros na determinação da FCmax individual. Pesquisadores e treinadores de futsal devem ser estimulados a utilizar a J-FS FCmax associada ao teste intermitente com recuperação, além do treinamento, para obter com precisão a FCmax de forma a evitar erros na prescrição e controle da carga de treinamento em jogadores de futsal. Estudo B: O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a maior frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmax) entre dois esforços (2E-FCmax), teste intermitente com nível de recuperação 1 (YYIR1) e jogo oficial de futebol (J-FT), e comparar a maior FCmax dentre as duas situações com equações para a idade, Fox-FCmax, Tanaka- FCmax e Nikolaidis- FCmax. Os onze participantes eram jogadores da categoria Sub- 20 de uma equipe estadual. A maior FCmax na situação de esforço foi considerada para análise. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, após confirmado a normalidade foi feita a analise dos dados através do teste-t pareado, bem como a análise de concordância de Bland Altman. O tamanho de efeito (ES) foi calculado por eta quadrado (ƞ2). Entre as duas condições de esforço físico, 10/11 jogadores apresentaram o maior valor de FCmax no J-FT, enquanto apenas 1/11 jogador teve a FCmax no YYIR1 (p = 0,004; ES = grande, d = 1,21). Na comparação dentre a 2E- FCmax com a FCmax obtida pelas equações predita idade não houve diferença significante, a análise de Bland Altman revelou baixa concordância entre a FCmax prevista através das equações de FCmax predita-idade e a 2E- FCmax, variando entre 13-14 bpm. Entre a FCmax predita-idade houve diferença significante entre as três equações (p < 0.001; ES, grande, ƞ2 = 0,452). As equações Fox- FCmax, Nikolaidis- FCmax e Tanaka- FCmax podem levar a erros na determinação da FCmax em jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub-20 do sexo masculino. Treinadores e preparadores físicos de futebol que trabalhem com categoria Sub-20 devem ser estimulados a utilizar o J-FT para obtenção da FCmax já que 10/11 atletas atingiram maior valor da FC quando comparado ao YYIR1, e assim identifica com melhor precisão a FCmax buscando evitar erros na prescrição e controle da carga de treinamento.
Heart rate is a physiological variable widely used in sport, including futsal and soccer, to monitor the intensity and quantify the internal training load. The present work consists of two studies, with the main objective to compare the response of HRmax in football and futsal games with HRmax in physical tests, and predictive equations. Study A: The aims of the study were to determine the highest maximum heart rate (HRmax) among three efforts (3E-HRmax), continuous graded exercise test (GXT), intermittent test with recovery level-1 adapted (YY1-A), and official match (OM), and to compare each one with age- predicted HRmax from Fox-HRmax, Tanaka-HRmax and Nikolaidis- HRmax. The eight participants were professional futsal players from a state-level team. The highest HRmax in each situation of effort was considered for analysis. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used in statistical analysis (p < 0.05), as well as Bland Altman agreement analysis. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated by eta square (ƞ2). HRmax from GXT was lower than OM and YY1-A (GXT vs. OM, p = 0.044; GXT vs. YY1-A, p = 0.005, OM vs. YY1-A, p = 0,960; ES = large). The highest HRmax occurred in OM (6/8) and YY1-A (2/8). Age-predicted HRmax by the three equations did not differ from 3E-HRmax, however, Bland Altman analysis revealed low agreement in three comparisons, varying in 12 bpm. Age-predicted HRmax by three equations differed from each one (p < 0.001; ES = large). Fox- HRmax, Nikolaidis- HRmax and Tanaka- HRmax equations can lead to errors in determining individual HRmax. Researchers and futsal coaches should be encouraged to use the OM HRmax in association with the intermittent test with recovery, in addition to training, to accurately obtain the HRmax so as avoid errors in the prescription and control of training load in futsal players. Study B: The aim of the study was to determine the highest maximum heart rate (HRmax) between two efforts (2E- HRmax), intermittent test with recovery level 1 (YYIR1) and official match (OM), and to compare the highest HRmax among the two situations with equations for age, Fox- HRmax, Tanaka- HRmax and Nikolaidis- HRmax. The eleven participants were U-20 players from a state team. The highest HRmax in the stress situation was considered for analysis. The normality of the data was verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test, after confirming the normality, the data analysis was performed using the paired t-test, as well as the Bland Altman agreement analysis. The effect size (ES) was calculated by eta square (ƞ2). Between the two conditions of physical effort, 10/11 players had the highest HRmax value on OM, while only 1/11 players had HRmax on YYIR1 (p = 0.004; ES = large, d = 1.21). In the comparison between the 2E- HRmax and the HRmax obtained by the age predicted equations, there was no significant difference, Bland Altman's analysis revealed a low agreement between the predicted HRmax through the age predicted HRmax equations and the 2E- HRmax, varying between 13- 14 bpm. Among the predicted HRmax age there was a significant difference between the three equations (p <0.001; ES, large, ƞ2 = 0.452). The Fox- HRmax, Nikolaidis- HRmax and Tanaka- HRmax equations can lead to errors in the determination of HRmax in male U-20 soccer players. Football coaches and trainers who work in the U-20 category should be encouraged to use the OM- HRmax to obtain the HRmax since 10/11 athletes reached a higher HR value when compared to YYIR1, and thus identifies with better precision HRmax seeking to avoid errors in the prescription and control of the training road
Heart rate is a physiological variable widely used in sport, including futsal and soccer, to monitor the intensity and quantify the internal training load. The present work consists of two studies, with the main objective to compare the response of HRmax in football and futsal games with HRmax in physical tests, and predictive equations. Study A: The aims of the study were to determine the highest maximum heart rate (HRmax) among three efforts (3E-HRmax), continuous graded exercise test (GXT), intermittent test with recovery level-1 adapted (YY1-A), and official match (OM), and to compare each one with age- predicted HRmax from Fox-HRmax, Tanaka-HRmax and Nikolaidis- HRmax. The eight participants were professional futsal players from a state-level team. The highest HRmax in each situation of effort was considered for analysis. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used in statistical analysis (p < 0.05), as well as Bland Altman agreement analysis. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated by eta square (ƞ2). HRmax from GXT was lower than OM and YY1-A (GXT vs. OM, p = 0.044; GXT vs. YY1-A, p = 0.005, OM vs. YY1-A, p = 0,960; ES = large). The highest HRmax occurred in OM (6/8) and YY1-A (2/8). Age-predicted HRmax by the three equations did not differ from 3E-HRmax, however, Bland Altman analysis revealed low agreement in three comparisons, varying in 12 bpm. Age-predicted HRmax by three equations differed from each one (p < 0.001; ES = large). Fox- HRmax, Nikolaidis- HRmax and Tanaka- HRmax equations can lead to errors in determining individual HRmax. Researchers and futsal coaches should be encouraged to use the OM HRmax in association with the intermittent test with recovery, in addition to training, to accurately obtain the HRmax so as avoid errors in the prescription and control of training load in futsal players. Study B: The aim of the study was to determine the highest maximum heart rate (HRmax) between two efforts (2E- HRmax), intermittent test with recovery level 1 (YYIR1) and official match (OM), and to compare the highest HRmax among the two situations with equations for age, Fox- HRmax, Tanaka- HRmax and Nikolaidis- HRmax. The eleven participants were U-20 players from a state team. The highest HRmax in the stress situation was considered for analysis. The normality of the data was verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test, after confirming the normality, the data analysis was performed using the paired t-test, as well as the Bland Altman agreement analysis. The effect size (ES) was calculated by eta square (ƞ2). Between the two conditions of physical effort, 10/11 players had the highest HRmax value on OM, while only 1/11 players had HRmax on YYIR1 (p = 0.004; ES = large, d = 1.21). In the comparison between the 2E- HRmax and the HRmax obtained by the age predicted equations, there was no significant difference, Bland Altman's analysis revealed a low agreement between the predicted HRmax through the age predicted HRmax equations and the 2E- HRmax, varying between 13- 14 bpm. Among the predicted HRmax age there was a significant difference between the three equations (p <0.001; ES, large, ƞ2 = 0.452). The Fox- HRmax, Nikolaidis- HRmax and Tanaka- HRmax equations can lead to errors in the determination of HRmax in male U-20 soccer players. Football coaches and trainers who work in the U-20 category should be encouraged to use the OM- HRmax to obtain the HRmax since 10/11 athletes reached a higher HR value when compared to YYIR1, and thus identifies with better precision HRmax seeking to avoid errors in the prescription and control of the training road
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Esforço máximo, Teste de laboratório, Teste de campo, Esporte coletivo, Treinamento físico, Maximum effort, Laboratory test, Field test, Team sport, physical training