Manejo de lepidópteros-praga em brássicas com uso de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
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2021-10-25
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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As brássicas compõem algumas das hortaliças mais cultivadas no Brasil e no mundo. A ocorrência de lepidópteros-praga durante o ciclo produtivo é o principal entrave a produção. Dessa forma, esta tese foi dividida em seis capítulos em que objetivou-se selecionar linhagens de T. pretiosum aptas para utilização no manejo biológico de lepidópteros praga no cultivo de brássicas. Para tanto, os capítulos abordam exigências térmicas, seleção de linhagens, capacidade de dispersão, seletividade de produtos fitossanitários e liberação de T. pretiosum. Além do custo e rentabilidade do manejo biológico empregando este agente de controle em cultivos de couve e repolho. A temperatura influenciou nas características biológicas das linhagens avaliadas e cada população apresentou temperaturas ideais de desenvolvimento distintas. No entanto, a temperatura constante de 36°C foi prejudicial tanto para o parasitismo, como para viabilidade, longevidade das fêmeas e razão sexual, não sendo recomendada para a multiplicação das linhagens em laboratório. A linhagem ‘Folhas da terra’, apesar de estar na 54º geração, foi a que apresentou maior número de insetos voadores, fêmeas voadoras e razão sexual, sendo a mais indicada também para o manejo de Chrysodeixis includens. A combinação de endossimbiontes Cardinium, Spiroplasma e Serratia proporcionou a linhagem ‘Folhas da terra’ a maior proporção de fêmeas. A dispersão no período de 24 horas das fêmeas de T. pretiosum atingiu um raio de 6,26 metros em couve e 6,07 metros em repolho, correspondendo a uma área de dispersão de 81,23 e 79,03 m2, respectivamente, podendo-se adotar 123 pontos de liberação por hectare para a cultura da couve e 126 para o repolho. Produtos denominados adubos foliares, podem ser tão prejudiciais quanto inseticidas a T. pretiosum, quanto ao contato tarsal. Da mesma forma, os fungicidas podem ser nocivos quanto ao contato tarsal, e inofensivos quando pulverizados sobre os ovos que serão ofertados a T. pretiosum. Apesar de seletivo quando exposto via contato tarsal, o Agree® promoveu uma redução na viabilidade dos ovos parasitados, quando a pulverização ocorreu sobre os ovos de Anagasta kuehniella. Os adubos foliares, Actilase Intense®, Alcygol B®, Boroplex®, Duo organo®, Organo cálcio®, não foram seletivos a T. pretiosum, exceto quando utilizado em mistura entre Boroplex®, Duo organo®,Organo cálcio®. Em cultivo comercial de repolho a liberação de 200 mil fêmeas de T. pretiosum é capaz de manter a população de Plutella xylostella, C. includens e Helulla undalis a baixo do nível de controle, reduzindo as necessidades de pulverização com inseticidas químicos em 100%, mesmo em períodos com condições climáticas mais favoráveis a reprodução dos insetos. As liberações inundativas de T. pretiosum representaram até 36,2% das operações manuais realizadas no cultivo de couve. No cultivo de repolho, os custos com monitoramento e liberação de T. pretiosum representaram até 19,2% das operações manuais. O custo de aquisição dos parasitoides representou 34,1% dos custos com materiais no cultivo de repolho verde, e 14,0% no repolho roxo. Nos cultivos de couve, representou apenas 20,9% dos custos com material de consumo. As liberações de T. pretiosum tem custo até 50% menor quando comparado ao da pulverização com inseticidas químicos. Além de proporcionar lucro operacional durante todos os cultivos realizados ao longo de um ano, proporcionando índices de lucratividade superiores a 70% e 50% nos cultivos de repolho verde e roxo, respectivamente. O índice de lucratividade no cultivo de couve foi superior a 85%.
Brassicas make up some of the most cultivated vegetables in Brazil and in the world. The occurrence of pest Lepidoptera during the production cycle is the main obstacle to production. Thus, this thesis was divided into six chapters in which the objective was to select T. pretiosum strains suitable for use in the biological management of Lepidoptera pests in the cultivation of brassica. Therefore, the chapters address thermal requirements, selection of strains, dispersibility, selectivity of phytosanitary products and release of T. pretiosum. In addition to the cost and profitability of biological management using this control agent in kale and cabbage crops. The temperature influenced the biological characteristics of the evaluated strains and each population had different ideal development temperatures. However, the constant temperature of 36°C was harmful to parasitism, viability, female longevity and sex ratio, and is not recommended for the multiplication of strains in the laboratory. The 'Folhas da Terra' strain, despite being in the 54th generation, had the highest number of flying insects, flying females and sex ratio, being also the most suitable for the management of Chrysodeixis includens. The combination of Cardinium, Spiroplasma and Serratia endosymbionts provided the 'Folhas da Terra' lineage with the highest proportion of females. The 24-hour dispersal of T. pretiosum females reached a radius of 6.26 meters in kale and 6.07 meters in cabbage, corresponding to a dispersal area of 81.23 and 79.03 m2, respectively. -to adopt 123 release points per hectare for kale and 126 for cabbage. Products called foliar fertilizers can be as harmful as insecticides to T. pretiosum, as to tarsal contact. Likewise, fungicides can be harmful in terms of tarsal contact, and harmless when sprayed on the eggs that will be offered to T. pretiosum. Despite being selective when exposed via tarsal contact, Agree® promoted a reduction in the viability of the parasitized eggs when spraying took place on the eggs of Anagasta kuehniella. Foliar fertilizers, Actilase Intense®, Alcygol B®, Boroplex®, Duo organo®, Organo Calcio®, were not selective for T. pretiosum, except when used in a mixture between Boroplex®, Duo organo®, Organo cálcio®. In commercial cabbage cultivation, the release of 200,000 females of T. pretiosum is able to keep the population of Plutella xylostella, C. includens and Hellulla undalis below the control level, reducing spraying requirements with chemical insecticides by 100%, even in periods with more favorable weather conditions for insect reproduction Flood releases of T. pretiosum accounted for up to 36.2% of manual operations performed in kale cultivation. In cabbage cultivation, costs with monitoring and release of T. pretiosum accounted for up to 19.2% of manual operations. The acquisition cost of the parasitoids represented 34.1% of material costs in the cultivation of green cabbage, and 14.0% in red cabbage. In kale crops, it represented only 20.9% of the costs with consumables. Releases of T. pretiosum cost up to 50% less when compared to spraying with chemical insecticides. In addition to providing operating profit for all crops carried out over the course of a year, providing profitability rates above 70% and 50% in green and red cabbage crops, respectively. The profitability index in kale cultivation was higher than 85%.
Brassicas make up some of the most cultivated vegetables in Brazil and in the world. The occurrence of pest Lepidoptera during the production cycle is the main obstacle to production. Thus, this thesis was divided into six chapters in which the objective was to select T. pretiosum strains suitable for use in the biological management of Lepidoptera pests in the cultivation of brassica. Therefore, the chapters address thermal requirements, selection of strains, dispersibility, selectivity of phytosanitary products and release of T. pretiosum. In addition to the cost and profitability of biological management using this control agent in kale and cabbage crops. The temperature influenced the biological characteristics of the evaluated strains and each population had different ideal development temperatures. However, the constant temperature of 36°C was harmful to parasitism, viability, female longevity and sex ratio, and is not recommended for the multiplication of strains in the laboratory. The 'Folhas da Terra' strain, despite being in the 54th generation, had the highest number of flying insects, flying females and sex ratio, being also the most suitable for the management of Chrysodeixis includens. The combination of Cardinium, Spiroplasma and Serratia endosymbionts provided the 'Folhas da Terra' lineage with the highest proportion of females. The 24-hour dispersal of T. pretiosum females reached a radius of 6.26 meters in kale and 6.07 meters in cabbage, corresponding to a dispersal area of 81.23 and 79.03 m2, respectively. -to adopt 123 release points per hectare for kale and 126 for cabbage. Products called foliar fertilizers can be as harmful as insecticides to T. pretiosum, as to tarsal contact. Likewise, fungicides can be harmful in terms of tarsal contact, and harmless when sprayed on the eggs that will be offered to T. pretiosum. Despite being selective when exposed via tarsal contact, Agree® promoted a reduction in the viability of the parasitized eggs when spraying took place on the eggs of Anagasta kuehniella. Foliar fertilizers, Actilase Intense®, Alcygol B®, Boroplex®, Duo organo®, Organo Calcio®, were not selective for T. pretiosum, except when used in a mixture between Boroplex®, Duo organo®, Organo cálcio®. In commercial cabbage cultivation, the release of 200,000 females of T. pretiosum is able to keep the population of Plutella xylostella, C. includens and Hellulla undalis below the control level, reducing spraying requirements with chemical insecticides by 100%, even in periods with more favorable weather conditions for insect reproduction Flood releases of T. pretiosum accounted for up to 36.2% of manual operations performed in kale cultivation. In cabbage cultivation, costs with monitoring and release of T. pretiosum accounted for up to 19.2% of manual operations. The acquisition cost of the parasitoids represented 34.1% of material costs in the cultivation of green cabbage, and 14.0% in red cabbage. In kale crops, it represented only 20.9% of the costs with consumables. Releases of T. pretiosum cost up to 50% less when compared to spraying with chemical insecticides. In addition to providing operating profit for all crops carried out over the course of a year, providing profitability rates above 70% and 50% in green and red cabbage crops, respectively. The profitability index in kale cultivation was higher than 85%.
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Controle biológico, Plutella xylostella, Chrysodeixis includens, Seletividade, Custo e rentabilidade, Biological control, Selectivity, Cost and profitability