Citogenotoxicidade de solo contaminado por necrochorume e toxicidade de aminas biogênicas derivadas de processos putrefativos
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Data
2021-10-04
Autores
Souza, Letícia Rosa de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O ritmo acelerado do crescimento demográfico vem contribuindo para para o aumento dos níveis de poluição ambiental. Uma das atividades humanas que vem se destacando como muito poluidora é a prática de sepultamento em cemitérios. Embora o ato de enterrar os corpos seja quase tão antigo quanto a própria humanidade, só recentemente os cemitérios têm sido considerados e discutidos como importantes fontes poluidoras. Apesar de existirem leis ambientais que regem a instalação e o funcionamento das necrópolis, esses ambientes continuam sendo grandes centros de contaminação química e biológica, com destaque aos compostos orgânicos, como as aminas biogênicas cadaverina (C5H14N2) e putrescina (C4H12N2). Essas aminas são encontradas naturalmente nas células, porém, quando elas estão presentes no meio ambiente em altas concentrações podem levar a problemas ambientais e também à saúde humana. O porco doméstico (Sus scrofa domesticus L.) é considerado um modelo animal com características de cadaverização semelhantes às humanas, por isso muito utilizado em experimentos que envolvem o processo de decomposição cadavérica. O solo desempenha um papel muito importante na filtragem de metais, micro-organismos e substâncias resultantes do processo de decomposição biológica, porém ainda existem poucos estudos que abordem os poluentes inerentes às atividades de decomposição cadavérica, comum em ambientes de cemitérios. Neste mesmo contexto, ainda são escassos os estudos sobre a real ação desses poluentes sob o meio biológico. Desta forma, pelo aumento constante das atividades cemiteriais e pela lacuna de informações sobre os efeitos de seus poluentes, existe uma necessidade urgente de se desenvolver estudos que possam melhor esclarecer os possíveis impactos, tanto ao ambiente como à saúde humana, das práticas de inumação dos corpos. O presente estudo realizou uma ampla revisão sobre aminas biogênicas associadas a processos putrefativos, que permitiu a elaboração de um artigo. Este trabalho também simulou uma contaminação de cemítério, por meio de inumação de uma carcaça suína, e avaliou os efeitos biológicos dos contaminantes derivados da decomposição cadavérica. A fitotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo índice de germinação de sementes e mensuração do eixo hipocótilo-radicular de Lactuca sativa. Os testes de citotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e potencial mutagênico foram realizados pelos parâmetreos de Índice Mitótico (IM), indução de Aberrações Cromossômicas (AC) e de Micronúcleo (MN), respectivamente, com a espécie Allium cepa, além de uma revisão das informações sobre a toxicidade de aminas biogênicas derivadas de processos putrefativos. Os nossos resultados mostraram que, os componentes do necrochorume interferiram no desenvolvimento das raízes e do hipocótilo e induziram aberrações cromossômicas e nucleares nos bioindicadores vegetais utilizados neste estudo. As informações obtidas nesse estudo podem dar um maior suporte aos órgãos competentes para elaboração de leis, além de alertar para as possíveis consequências dos impactos ambientais da atividade cemiterial e suas consequências para a saúde humana.
Demographic growth has contributed to the increase in levels of environmental pollution. One of the human activities that has been highlighted as very polluting is the practice of burial in cemeteries. Although the act of burying bodies is almost as old as humanity itself, only recently have cemeteries been considered and discussed as important sources of pollution. Despite the existence of environmental laws that govern the installation and operation of necropolises, these environments continue to be major centers of chemical and biological contamination, with emphasis on organic compounds, such as biogenic amines cadaverine (C5H14N2) and putrescine (C4H12N2). These amines are found naturally in cells, however, when they are present in the environment in high concentrations they can lead to environmental problems as well as human health. The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus L.) is considered an animal model with cadaverization characteristics similar to those of humans, which is why it is widely used in experiments involving the process of cadaveric decomposition. Soil plays a very important role in filtering metals, microorganisms and substances resulting from the biological decomposition process, but there are still few studies that address the pollutants inherent in cadaveric decomposition activities, common in cemetery environments. In this same context, studies on the real action of these pollutants in the biological environment are still scarce. Thus, due to the constant increase in cemetery activities and the lack of information about the effects of its pollutants, there is an urgent need to develop studies that can better clarify the possible impacts, both on the environment and on human health. This study carried out a comprehensive review about biogenic amines associated with putrefactive processes, which allowed the elaboration of an article. This work also simulated a cemetery contamination, through burial of a swine carcass, and evaluated the biological effects of contaminants derived from cadaveric decomposition. Phytotoxicity was evaluated by seed germination index and measurement of the hypocotyl and root of Lactuca sativa. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenic potential tests were performed using the parameters of Mitotic Index (MI), Chromosome Aberrations (CA) and Micronucleus (MN), respectively, with the species Allium cepa, in addition to a review of information about the toxicity of biogenic amines derived from putrefactive processes. Our results showed that the components of cemetery leachate interfered with the development of roots and hypocotyl and induced chromosomal aberrations and nuclear alterations in plant bioindicators used in this study. The information obtained in this study can give greater support to Organs competent bodies for drafting laws, in addition to alerting to the possible consequences of the environmental impacts of cemetery activity and its consequences for human health.
Demographic growth has contributed to the increase in levels of environmental pollution. One of the human activities that has been highlighted as very polluting is the practice of burial in cemeteries. Although the act of burying bodies is almost as old as humanity itself, only recently have cemeteries been considered and discussed as important sources of pollution. Despite the existence of environmental laws that govern the installation and operation of necropolises, these environments continue to be major centers of chemical and biological contamination, with emphasis on organic compounds, such as biogenic amines cadaverine (C5H14N2) and putrescine (C4H12N2). These amines are found naturally in cells, however, when they are present in the environment in high concentrations they can lead to environmental problems as well as human health. The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus L.) is considered an animal model with cadaverization characteristics similar to those of humans, which is why it is widely used in experiments involving the process of cadaveric decomposition. Soil plays a very important role in filtering metals, microorganisms and substances resulting from the biological decomposition process, but there are still few studies that address the pollutants inherent in cadaveric decomposition activities, common in cemetery environments. In this same context, studies on the real action of these pollutants in the biological environment are still scarce. Thus, due to the constant increase in cemetery activities and the lack of information about the effects of its pollutants, there is an urgent need to develop studies that can better clarify the possible impacts, both on the environment and on human health. This study carried out a comprehensive review about biogenic amines associated with putrefactive processes, which allowed the elaboration of an article. This work also simulated a cemetery contamination, through burial of a swine carcass, and evaluated the biological effects of contaminants derived from cadaveric decomposition. Phytotoxicity was evaluated by seed germination index and measurement of the hypocotyl and root of Lactuca sativa. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenic potential tests were performed using the parameters of Mitotic Index (MI), Chromosome Aberrations (CA) and Micronucleus (MN), respectively, with the species Allium cepa, in addition to a review of information about the toxicity of biogenic amines derived from putrefactive processes. Our results showed that the components of cemetery leachate interfered with the development of roots and hypocotyl and induced chromosomal aberrations and nuclear alterations in plant bioindicators used in this study. The information obtained in this study can give greater support to Organs competent bodies for drafting laws, in addition to alerting to the possible consequences of the environmental impacts of cemetery activity and its consequences for human health.
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Palavras-chave
Allium cepa, Cadaverina, Impacto de cemitérios, Lactuca sativa, Putrescina, Sus scrofa domesticus, Allium cepa, Cadaverine, Impact of cemeteries, Lactuca sativa, Putrescine, Sus scrofa domesticus