Monitoramento do vapor d’água durante eventos extremos de precipitação empregando diferentes técnicas
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Data
2020-09-17
Autores
Macedo, Fernanda Ferreira Pacheco
Lima, Thainara Munhoz Alexandre de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A análise do comportamento, frequência e impacto de eventos climatológicos extremos vêm ganhando cada vez mais atenção mediante as significativas mudanças climatológicas globais, como por exemplo, o aquecimento global. Além disso, alterações no comportamento desses eventos podem estar associadas ao crescimento da população e consequente aumento da emissão de gases do efeito estufa. No Brasil, salvo exceções, os desastres naturais de maior impacto social, econômico e ambiental são causados por eventos extremos de precipitação, seja pelo alto volume de chuva, provocando inundações, ou pela sua escassez, caracterizando os longos períodos de seca. Assim, o conhecimento e o monitoramento desses eventos atmosféricos, em especial do vapor d’água, são essenciais para a prevenção e mitigação de desastres. Outro ponto que ressalta a importância do monitoramento da precipitação é a necessidade de água para múltiplos usos, como irrigação de culturas agrícolas e o abastecimento de água doméstico e industrial. Por isso, conhecer o ciclo hidrológico de uma região é fundamental para o seu desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Mediante este cenário, ao longo dos anos, inúmeros investimentos têm sido feitos para se obter uma caracterização detalhada da precipitação e dos fenômenos com ela relacionados, o que resulta em uma grande quantidade de dados, cada vez mais precisos. As principais fontes brasileiras para obtenção de parâmetros relacionados com precipitação são os pluviômetros e as estações meteorológicas (que incluem também o pluviômetro), mas que apesar de possuírem um grande reconhecimento de contribuições práticas, apresentam uma insuficiência de dados, devido à falta de medições e à baixa resolução espacial, principalmente na região Norte do país. Dessa forma, o principal objetivo deste estudo é analisar a aplicabilidade de técnicas alternativas para o estudo e monitoramento do vapor d’água durante a ocorrência de eventos extremos de precipitação relacionados com altos volumes de chuva. Para tanto, foram feitas análises de parâmetros atmosféricos ao longo de um ano de dados nas cidades de São Paulo e Belo Horizonte, a partir de dados fornecidos por estações de altitude - radiossondas, estações meteorológicas pluviômetros, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), e sensores meteorológicos imageadores e não-imageadores. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com o esperado, indicando significativas correlações entre as informações das diferentes fontes, principalmente na análise do comportamento da atmosfera durante a ocorrência de eventos extremos de precipitação.
The analysis of the behavior, frequency and impact of extreme weather events has been gaining more and more attention due to significant global weather changes, such as global warming. In addition, changes in the behavior of these events may be associated with population growth and the consequent increase in greenhouse gas emissions. In Brazil, with some exceptions, natural disasters with the greatest social, economic and environmental impact are caused by extreme precipitation events, either by the high volume of rain, causing floods, or by their scarcity, characterizing the long periods of drought. Thus, knowledge and monitoring of these atmospheric events, especially water vapor, are essential for the prevention and mitigation of disasters. Another point that highlights the importance of monitoring rainfall is the need for water for multiple uses, such as irrigation of agricultural crops and domestic and industrial water supply. For this reason, knowing the hydrological cycle of a region is essential for its socioeconomic development. Through this scenario, over the years, numerous investments have been made to obtain a detailed characterization of precipitation and related phenomena, which results in a large amount of data, increasingly accurate. The main Brazilian sources for obtaining parameters related to precipitation are the rain gauges and the meteorological stations (which also include the rain gauges), but which despite having a great recognition of practical contributions, present a lack of data, due to the lack of measurements and low spatial resolution, mainly in the North of the country. Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze the applicability of alternative techniques for the study and monitoring of water vapor during the occurrence of extreme precipitation events related to high volumes of rain. To this end, analyzes of atmospheric parameters were carried out over a year of data in the cities of São Paulo and Belo Horizonte, based on data provided by altitude stations - radiosonde, pluviometer weather stations, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), and imager and non-imager meteorological sensors. The results obtained are in line with expectations, indicating significant correlations between information from different sources, mainly in the analysis of the behavior of the atmosphere during the occurrence of extreme precipitation events.
The analysis of the behavior, frequency and impact of extreme weather events has been gaining more and more attention due to significant global weather changes, such as global warming. In addition, changes in the behavior of these events may be associated with population growth and the consequent increase in greenhouse gas emissions. In Brazil, with some exceptions, natural disasters with the greatest social, economic and environmental impact are caused by extreme precipitation events, either by the high volume of rain, causing floods, or by their scarcity, characterizing the long periods of drought. Thus, knowledge and monitoring of these atmospheric events, especially water vapor, are essential for the prevention and mitigation of disasters. Another point that highlights the importance of monitoring rainfall is the need for water for multiple uses, such as irrigation of agricultural crops and domestic and industrial water supply. For this reason, knowing the hydrological cycle of a region is essential for its socioeconomic development. Through this scenario, over the years, numerous investments have been made to obtain a detailed characterization of precipitation and related phenomena, which results in a large amount of data, increasingly accurate. The main Brazilian sources for obtaining parameters related to precipitation are the rain gauges and the meteorological stations (which also include the rain gauges), but which despite having a great recognition of practical contributions, present a lack of data, due to the lack of measurements and low spatial resolution, mainly in the North of the country. Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze the applicability of alternative techniques for the study and monitoring of water vapor during the occurrence of extreme precipitation events related to high volumes of rain. To this end, analyzes of atmospheric parameters were carried out over a year of data in the cities of São Paulo and Belo Horizonte, based on data provided by altitude stations - radiosonde, pluviometer weather stations, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), and imager and non-imager meteorological sensors. The results obtained are in line with expectations, indicating significant correlations between information from different sources, mainly in the analysis of the behavior of the atmosphere during the occurrence of extreme precipitation events.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Eventos extremos, Precipitação, Meteorologia, Sensoriamento remoto, GNSS, Climate events, Precipitation, Remote sensing