Destoxificação e descoloração de corante têxtil índigo carmine usando consórcios de micro-organismos de origem Antártica
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Data
2021-12-14
Autores
Yoshinaga, Thaís Tiemi
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O ambiente marinho antártico é conhecido por suas condições extremas, sendo a permanência e adaptação de micro-organismos a esse nicho ecológico um processo que resulta em metabolismos diferenciados. Estes, envolvem a produção de enzimas adaptadas a condições salinas e com atividades em temperaturas baixas, as quais podem ser aplicadas em processos ambientais e industriais. A biorremediação é uma destas áreas, sendo os micro-organismos e suas enzimas utilizadas para a degradação de poluentes ambientais como corantes têxteis, petróleo e derivados, entre outros. Nesse contexto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar e avaliar fungos filamentosos (n = 20) isolados de sedimentos marinhos antárticos (coletados durante a OPERANTAR XXXVII) quanto a habilidade de destoxificar e descolorir o corante têxtil índigo carmine. Os 20 fungos foram taxonomicamente identificados por meio de análises morfológicas e moleculares e tiveram as temperaturas ótimas de crescimento avaliadas. Foram realizados ensaios individuais para descoloração e destoxificação do índigo carmine. Em adição, os fungos foram cultivados em consórcios e avaliados quanto a descoloração, fitotoxicidade e produção de enzimas ligninolíticas. Um dos consórcios foi selecionado e fungos basidiomicetos de origem marinha da costa brasileira (Peniophora sp. CBMAI 1063) e de origem terrestre da Antártica (Pholiota sp. CRM 2306) foram adicionados ao mesmo visando avaliação da descoloração, fitotoxicidade, biomassa e de metabólitos do processo degradativo. Doze isolados foram identificados no nível de gênero, para oito isolados não foi possível definir gênero, sendo inferidos dois possíveis gêneros. Dois fungos (J2B e J2C) apresentaram temperatura ótima a 15 °C, oito (J2F, D2B, D8A, D8B, J2D, J8A, D2A e D2D) a 20 °C, quatro (J2E1, J2E2, J8B1 e J8B2) a 25 °C e cinco (D2C, D2P, D8C1, D8C2 e J2A) a 30 °C. Para o isolado J2D não foi possível definir a temperatura ótima de crescimento, visto que houve crescimento em toda da área disponível em todas as temperaturas avaliadas. Os melhores resultados de descoloração foram obtidos com os isolados J2A (82%), D2C (76%), D2P (60%) e J2C (37%). Os melhores resultados de destoxificação foram obtidos com os isolados J2F (74%), J8A (49%) e D8C2 (33%). Esses fungos foram identificados como Penicillium cf. oxalicum (J2A, D2C e D2P), Leuconeurospora sp. (J2C), Geomyces/Pseudogymnoascus sp. (J2F e J8A), Aspergillus cf. sydowii (D8C2). Os isolados J2C, J2F e D8C2 foram utilizados como base para compor os consórcios, que foram diferenciados pelo Penicillium cf. oxalicum de cada consórcio J2A (consórcio 1 – C1), D2C (consórcio 2 – C2) e D2P (consórcio 3 – C3). Os consórcios C1, C2 e C3 apresentaram 48%, 63% e 57% de descoloração, respectivamente e exibiram 100% de toxicidade, não havendo detecção das enzimas ligninolíticas avaliadas. O C2 foi selecionado para estudos com os basidiomicetos, o C2 + Peniophora sp. (C2 PEN) apresentou descoloração de 40%, enquanto para o C2 + Pholiota sp. (C2 PHO) a descoloração foi de 50%. A fitotoxicidade do bioensaio conduzido com o C2 PEN foi mais baixa do que a do controle, indicando potencial de destoxificação. Uma maior biomassa fúngica foi produzida na presença do corante em comparação ao experimento controle (sem adição de corante) para todos os tratamentos. Os metabólitos de degradação observados em todos os tratamentos foram identificados como hidrocarbonetos, ácidos graxos simples e compostos nitrogenados pertencentes ao grupo de aminas graxas, os quais não estão relacionados diretamente com a degradação do corante índigo carmine. O presente trabalho evidencia a diversidade de fungos marinhos antárticos, bem como o potencial destes micro-organismos extremófilos, seja de forma individual ou em consórcio, para degradar e adsorver o corante índigo carmine. Os resultados estimulam a condução de novos estudos para elucidação dos mecanismos de degradação do corante têxtil por estes isolados.
The Antarctic environment is known for its extreme conditions, and the adaptation of microorganisms to this ecological niche is a process that requires enzymatic mechanisms and diversified strategies. These strategies include production of enzymes adapted to saline conditions and with activities at low temperatures, which can be applied in environmental and industrial processes. Bioremediation is one of these areas, which microorganisms and their enzymes are being used for the degradation of environmental pollutants such as textile dyes, petroleum, and derivatives, among others. In this context, the objectives of this study were to characterize and evaluate filamentous fungi (n = 20) isolated from Antarctic marine sediments (collected during OPERANTAR XXXVII) for their ability to detoxify and decolorize the indigo carmine textile dye. The 20 fungi were taxonomically identified through morphological and molecular analyses and had their optimal growth temperatures evaluated. Individual screenings were made with all fungi to assess decolorization and detoxification of indigo carmine dye. In addition, the fungi were cultured in consortia and evaluated for decolorization, phytotoxicity and production of ligninolytic enzymes. One of the consortia was selected and evaluated with the addition of a marine (Peniophora sp. CBMAI 1063) or an antarctic (Pholiota sp. CRM 2306) basidiomycete fungi for decolorization, phytotoxicity, dry biomass and metabolites from degradative process. Twelve isolates were identified at genus level, for eight isolates were not possible to define genus, being inferred two possible genera. Two fungi (J2B and J2C) showed optimal temperature at 15 °C, eight (J2F, D2B, D8A, D8B, J2D, J8A, D2A, and D2D) at 20 °C, four (J2E1, J2E2, J8B1, and J8B2) at 25 °C and five (D2C, D2P, D8C1, D8C2, and J2A) at 30 °C. For one isolate (J2D) it was not possible to define the optimal growth temperature since there was growth in all disponible area at all temperatures. The best results of decolorization were obtained with the isolates J2A (82%), D2C (76%), D2P (60%), and J2C (37%). The best detoxification results were obtained with the isolates J2F (74%), J8A (49%), and D8C2 (33%). These fungi were identified as Penicillium cf. oxalicum (J2A, D2C, and D2P), Leuconeurospora sp. (J2C), Geomyces/Pseudogymnoascus sp. (J2F and J8A), Aspergillus cf. sydowii (D8C2). The isolates J2C, J2F and D8C2 were used as base for the tree consortia, which were differentiated by the Penicillium cf. oxalicum in each consortium J2A (consortium 1 – C1), D2C (consortium 2 – C2) and D2P (consortium 3 – C3). Consortia C1, C2 and C3 showed 48%, 63%, and 57% of decolorization, respectively, and exhibited 100% of toxicity, with no detection of ligninolytic enzymes. The C2 consortium was selected and submitted to experiments with the addition of basidiomycete fungi, the C2 + Peniophora sp. (C2 PEN) showed 40% of decolorization, while for C2 + Pholiota sp. (C2 PHO) the decolorization was 50%. The phytotoxicity of the bioassay conducted with C2 PEN was lower than that found in the control, indicating the potential for detoxification. Greater fungal biomass was produced in the presence of dye compared to the control experiment (without the addition of dye) for all treatments. The metabolites detected were identified as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and nitrogen compounds belonging to the group of fatty amines, which are not directly related to the degradation of the indigo carmine. The present study highlights the diversity of Antarctic marine fungi, as well as the potential of these extremophile microorganisms, either individually or in a consortium, to degrade and absorb the indigo carmine dye. The results encourage further studies to elucidate the degradation mechanisms of the textile dye by these isolates.
The Antarctic environment is known for its extreme conditions, and the adaptation of microorganisms to this ecological niche is a process that requires enzymatic mechanisms and diversified strategies. These strategies include production of enzymes adapted to saline conditions and with activities at low temperatures, which can be applied in environmental and industrial processes. Bioremediation is one of these areas, which microorganisms and their enzymes are being used for the degradation of environmental pollutants such as textile dyes, petroleum, and derivatives, among others. In this context, the objectives of this study were to characterize and evaluate filamentous fungi (n = 20) isolated from Antarctic marine sediments (collected during OPERANTAR XXXVII) for their ability to detoxify and decolorize the indigo carmine textile dye. The 20 fungi were taxonomically identified through morphological and molecular analyses and had their optimal growth temperatures evaluated. Individual screenings were made with all fungi to assess decolorization and detoxification of indigo carmine dye. In addition, the fungi were cultured in consortia and evaluated for decolorization, phytotoxicity and production of ligninolytic enzymes. One of the consortia was selected and evaluated with the addition of a marine (Peniophora sp. CBMAI 1063) or an antarctic (Pholiota sp. CRM 2306) basidiomycete fungi for decolorization, phytotoxicity, dry biomass and metabolites from degradative process. Twelve isolates were identified at genus level, for eight isolates were not possible to define genus, being inferred two possible genera. Two fungi (J2B and J2C) showed optimal temperature at 15 °C, eight (J2F, D2B, D8A, D8B, J2D, J8A, D2A, and D2D) at 20 °C, four (J2E1, J2E2, J8B1, and J8B2) at 25 °C and five (D2C, D2P, D8C1, D8C2, and J2A) at 30 °C. For one isolate (J2D) it was not possible to define the optimal growth temperature since there was growth in all disponible area at all temperatures. The best results of decolorization were obtained with the isolates J2A (82%), D2C (76%), D2P (60%), and J2C (37%). The best detoxification results were obtained with the isolates J2F (74%), J8A (49%), and D8C2 (33%). These fungi were identified as Penicillium cf. oxalicum (J2A, D2C, and D2P), Leuconeurospora sp. (J2C), Geomyces/Pseudogymnoascus sp. (J2F and J8A), Aspergillus cf. sydowii (D8C2). The isolates J2C, J2F and D8C2 were used as base for the tree consortia, which were differentiated by the Penicillium cf. oxalicum in each consortium J2A (consortium 1 – C1), D2C (consortium 2 – C2) and D2P (consortium 3 – C3). Consortia C1, C2 and C3 showed 48%, 63%, and 57% of decolorization, respectively, and exhibited 100% of toxicity, with no detection of ligninolytic enzymes. The C2 consortium was selected and submitted to experiments with the addition of basidiomycete fungi, the C2 + Peniophora sp. (C2 PEN) showed 40% of decolorization, while for C2 + Pholiota sp. (C2 PHO) the decolorization was 50%. The phytotoxicity of the bioassay conducted with C2 PEN was lower than that found in the control, indicating the potential for detoxification. Greater fungal biomass was produced in the presence of dye compared to the control experiment (without the addition of dye) for all treatments. The metabolites detected were identified as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and nitrogen compounds belonging to the group of fatty amines, which are not directly related to the degradation of the indigo carmine. The present study highlights the diversity of Antarctic marine fungi, as well as the potential of these extremophile microorganisms, either individually or in a consortium, to degrade and absorb the indigo carmine dye. The results encourage further studies to elucidate the degradation mechanisms of the textile dye by these isolates.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Micologia Antártica, Micro-organismos extremófilos, Biotecnologia ambiental, Biorremediação, Corantes têxteis, Antarctic mycology, Extremophile microorganisms, Environmental biotechnology, Bioremediation, Textile dye