Análise de Ecoeficiência da Sintetização de Nanopartículas Poliméricas de Atrazina a partir da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida e Análise de Custo
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Data
2021-11-22
Autores
Melo, Rafael do Valle [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Metodologias de síntese de nanopartículas e formas de liberação controlada têm sido desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas para reduzir a concentração de pesticidas como a atrazina no meio ambiente. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estimar o indicador de ecoeficiência de dois processos de síntese se Nanopartículas Poliméricas (NPo) contendo Atrazina (ATZ) pelos métodos de Nanoprecipitação (NPr) e Dupla Emulsão (DEm) em um laboratório universitário de pesquisas químicas utilizando a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (LCA) e Análise do Custo do Ciclo de Vida (ACCV). Para isso, foi elaborado um inventário do ciclo de vida de ambos os processos de síntese, incluindo o levantamento dos fluxos de matéria e energia em laboratório, e complementando as informações do banco de dados Ecoinvent. A metodologia ReCiPe 2016 com abordagem de ponto médio (H) foi usada para realizar a Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida para obter NPo contendo ATZ, na concentração de 1 mg de ATZ por mL de solução final (unidade funcional), usando o software SimaPro. As categorias de impacto selecionadas foram: mudanças climáticas (GW), depleção do ozônio estratosférico (OD), toxicidade cancerígena (HT), acidificação terrestre (AC), ecotoxicidade terrestre (TE), ecotoxicidade de água doce (FE) e esgotamento de recursos fósseis (FS). Para ambos os processos, FE destacou-se entre as categorias de impacto avaliadas, devido ao consumo significativo de energia elétrica. O processo DEm teve um impacto ambiental total 61% maior quando comparado ao processo NPr. A ACCV mostrou que o custo do processo DEm por unidade funcional é 4% maior do que o NPr. Portanto, NPr foi um processo mais ecoeficiente e a transição de ecoeficiência ao adotar o processo NPr em vez de DEm para obter NPo + ATZ representa um ganho de 54%. Duas etapas que ocorrem apenas no processo DEm (sonicação e uso de diclorometano) influenciaram esse resultado. Por esse motivo, a substituição de solventes por outros menos tóxicos e menos poluentes é uma alternativa para melhorar a ecoeficiência no processo de síntese de nanopartículas poliméricas, desde que seja assegurada a mesma eficiência da aplicação do herbicida atrazina nas lavouras.
Nanoparticle synthesis methodologies have been developed over the last decades for reducing the concentration of pesticides such as atrazine in the environment. This project have evaluated the eco-efficiency transition of two polymeric nanoparticles (NPo) synthesis processes (Double Emulsion Process – DEm – and Nanoprecipitation Process – NPr) containing atrazine (ATZ) on a laboratory scale using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costs (LCC) tools. For that, a life cycle inventory of both synthesis processes was composed, including the survey of matter and energy flows in laboratory, and complementing the information by the Ecoinvent database. ReCiPe 2016 methodology with a midpoint approach (H) was used to carry out the Life Cycle Impact Assessment to obtain NPo containing ATZ, at the concentration of 1 mg of ATZ per mL of final solution (functional unit), using SimaPro software. The impact categories selected were: global warming (GW), stratospheric ozone depletion (OD), human carcinogenic toxicity (HT), terrestrial acidification (AC), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE), freshwater ecotoxicity (FE) and fossil resource scarcity (FS). For both processes, FE highlighted among de impact categories evaluated, because the significant electricity consumption. DEm process had a 61% higher total environmental impact when compared to the NPr process. LCC showed that the cost of the DEm process per functional unit is 4% higher than NPr. Therefore, NPr was a more eco-efficient process and the eco-efficiency transition by adopting the NPr process instead of DEm to obtain NPo+ATZ represents a gain of 54%. Two steps that occur only in the DEm process (sonication and the use of dichloromethane) influenced this result. For this reason, substituting solvents with other less toxic and less polluting ones is an alternative for improving eco-efficiency in the synthesis process of polymeric nanoparticles, as long as the same efficiency of the atrazine herbicide application to the crops in the field is assured.
Nanoparticle synthesis methodologies have been developed over the last decades for reducing the concentration of pesticides such as atrazine in the environment. This project have evaluated the eco-efficiency transition of two polymeric nanoparticles (NPo) synthesis processes (Double Emulsion Process – DEm – and Nanoprecipitation Process – NPr) containing atrazine (ATZ) on a laboratory scale using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costs (LCC) tools. For that, a life cycle inventory of both synthesis processes was composed, including the survey of matter and energy flows in laboratory, and complementing the information by the Ecoinvent database. ReCiPe 2016 methodology with a midpoint approach (H) was used to carry out the Life Cycle Impact Assessment to obtain NPo containing ATZ, at the concentration of 1 mg of ATZ per mL of final solution (functional unit), using SimaPro software. The impact categories selected were: global warming (GW), stratospheric ozone depletion (OD), human carcinogenic toxicity (HT), terrestrial acidification (AC), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE), freshwater ecotoxicity (FE) and fossil resource scarcity (FS). For both processes, FE highlighted among de impact categories evaluated, because the significant electricity consumption. DEm process had a 61% higher total environmental impact when compared to the NPr process. LCC showed that the cost of the DEm process per functional unit is 4% higher than NPr. Therefore, NPr was a more eco-efficient process and the eco-efficiency transition by adopting the NPr process instead of DEm to obtain NPo+ATZ represents a gain of 54%. Two steps that occur only in the DEm process (sonication and the use of dichloromethane) influenced this result. For this reason, substituting solvents with other less toxic and less polluting ones is an alternative for improving eco-efficiency in the synthesis process of polymeric nanoparticles, as long as the same efficiency of the atrazine herbicide application to the crops in the field is assured.
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Palavras-chave
Pesticidas Aspectos ambientais, Nanopartículas, Ciclo de vida do produto, Environmental aspects, Nanoparticles, Agricultural pollution, Poluição agrícola