Novas alternativas para manejos integrados sustentáveis: aspectos agronômicos e microbianos do milho após o cultivo à campo de cogumelo do sol
Arquivos
Data
2021-12-16
Autores
Alves, Lucas da Silva [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O milho é uma das culturas agrícola com relevância no cenário mundial. Porém, quando se compara rendimentos possíveis da cultura, com a realidade nacional, nota-se que são necessários avanços tecnológicos, que promovam baixo impacto ambiental e lucratividade em pequenas áreas, principalmente no setor de agricultura familiar. Com isso, manejos de consórcio entre cultivos se tornam uma ótima opção para suprir essa necessidade, do qual cita o manejo de milho em sucessão a produção de cogumelos. É possível que esse manejo seja eficiente em reduzir a fertilização mineral e a utilização de condicionadores dos solos necessários para a produção do milho, além de elevar a comunidade microbiana cultivável e, consequentemente, a abundância microbiana endofítica. Logo, buscou-se com este estudo, avaliar o manejo integrado Cogumelo do Sol-milho como uma opção de cultivo sustentável, e se os diferentes manejos interferem na comunidade microbiana do solo e endofítica. Também se objetivou avaliar o potencial biotecnológico dos fungos endofíticos obtidos durante o cultivo. O experimento ocorreu em dois cultivos (1º e 2º ciclo), em um sistema contínuo (cogumelo-milho-milho), posterior a colheita do Cogumelo do Sol. Os experimentos consistiram de um fatorial duplo (2 x 4), sendo: gesso (presença e ausência) e manejo da fertilidade (tratamento controle, área pós cultivo de cogumelo ‘SMS’, área pós cultivo de cogumelo + adubação de semeadura ‘SMS+S’, área pós cultivo de cogumelo + adubação de semeadura + adubação de cobertura ‘SMS+S+CB). Se avaliou os atributos químicos do solo e folha (macronutrientes e matéria orgânica), os aspectos produtivos do milho durante o cultivo, as características microbiológicas do solo (unidade formadora de colonia (UFC) do solo e da rizosfera) e endofítica (frequência de colonização endofítica de folha e raiz). Ao final, alguns fungos foram selecionados para se avaliar potencial biotecnológico in vitro (teste de patogenicidade, crescimento micelial e pareamento com o patógeno Fusarium sp.) Os resultados demonstraram que, apesar dos baixos teores de macronutrientes encontrados nas folhas e no solo cultivado sob a área pós cultivo de cogumelo, é possível a reutilização destas áreas. SMS+S+CB se mostrou mais eficiente que o controle em fornecer matéria seca de parte aérea (MSPA), e essa condição pode ser uma alternativa para um cultivo circular cogumelo-milho. SMS+S alcançou rendimentos e MSPA não diferentes significativos comparados ao controle, circunstância relevante ao produtor devidos aos custos e impactos causados pela fertilização de cobertura. A gessagem não apresentou incrementos produtivos relevantes. Para os aspectos microbianos avaliados, os fertilizantes e a aplicação de gesso se mostraram prejudiciais para UFC do solo no 1º ciclo, a UFC rizosférica apresentou menor flutuação microbiana durante as safras do que a UFC do solo, e a semeadura do milho em áreas pós cultivo se mostrou como uma rica fonte para elevação de microrganismos endofíticos, em específico os fungos endofíticos radiculares. Os isolados I08, I20, I29 e I36 apresentaram resultados interessantes de crescimento micelial e inibição de Fusarium sp. além de não serem patogênicos. Conclui-se que, nas condições realizadas essa experimentação, é possível se produzir milho após o cultivo do Cogumelo do Sol, entretanto, a fertilização se torna indispensável para reduzir as perdas de nutrientes. A fertilização vii e gessagem influenciam na UFC do solo, e a reutilização das áreas incrementam a microbiota endofítica do milho. Os isolados I08, I20, I29 e I36 apresentam potencial biotecnológico a serem explorados.
Maize is one of the crops with relevance on the world stage. However, when comparing possible crop yields with the national reality, it is noted that technological advances are needed, which promote low environmental impact and profitability in small areas, especially in the family farming sector. Thus, intercropping management between crops becomes a great option to meet this need, which he cites management of corn in succession to mushroom production. This management may be efficient in reducing mineral fertilization and the use of soil conditioners necessary for corn production, in addition to increasing the cultivable microbial community and, consequently, the endophytic microbial abundance. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the integrated management of Mushroom Sun-maize as an option for sustainable cultivation, and whether the different managements interfere in the soil microbial and endophytic community. It also aimed to evaluate the biotechnological potential of endophytic fungi obtained during cultivation. The experiment took place in two crops (1st and 2nd cycle), in a continuous system (mushroom-corn-corn), after the harvest of Mushroom of the Sun. The experiments consisted of a double factorial (2 x 4), being: gypsum (presence and absence) and fertility management (control treatment, post-grow area of 'SMS' mushroom, post-grow area of mushroom + 'SMS+S' sowing fertilization, post-grow mushroom area + sowing fertilization + topdressing ' SMS+S+CB'). The chemical attributes of the soil and leaves (macronutrients and organic matter), the productive aspects of corn during cultivation, the microbiological characteristics of the soil (colony-forming unit (CFU) of the soil and rhizosphere), and endophytic (frequency of colonization) were evaluated endophytic root and leaf). In the end, some fungi were selected to evaluate in vitro biotechnological potential (pathogenicity test, mycelial growth, and pairing with the pathogen Fusarium sp.) The results showed that, despite the low levels of macronutrients found in the leaves and soil cultivated under the area after mushroom cultivation, it is possible to reuse these areas. SMS+S+CB was more efficient than the control in providing shoot dry matter (MSPA), and this condition can be an alternative for a mushroom-corn circular crop. SMS+S achieved yields and MSPA not significantly different compared to the control, a relevant circumstance for the producer due to the costs and impacts caused by top dressing. Gypsum application did not show relevant productive increments. For the microbial aspects evaluated, fertilizers and gypsum application were harmful to soil CFU in the 1st cycle, rhizosphere CFU showed less microbial fluctuation during harvests than soil CFU, and corn sowing in post-cultivation areas was shown to be a rich source for the elevation of endophytic microorganisms, specifically root endophytic fungi. Isolates I08, I20, I29, and I36 showed interesting results of mycelial growth and inhibition of Fusarium sp. in addition to being non-pathogenic. Concluded that, under the conditions carried out in this experiment, it is possible to produce maize after the cultivation of Mushroom of the Sun, however, fertilization becomes essential to reduce nutrient losses. Fertilization and plastering influence the CFU of the soil, and the reuse of areas increases the endophytic microbiota of maize. Isolates I08, I20, I29, and I36 have biotechnological potential to be explored.
Maize is one of the crops with relevance on the world stage. However, when comparing possible crop yields with the national reality, it is noted that technological advances are needed, which promote low environmental impact and profitability in small areas, especially in the family farming sector. Thus, intercropping management between crops becomes a great option to meet this need, which he cites management of corn in succession to mushroom production. This management may be efficient in reducing mineral fertilization and the use of soil conditioners necessary for corn production, in addition to increasing the cultivable microbial community and, consequently, the endophytic microbial abundance. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the integrated management of Mushroom Sun-maize as an option for sustainable cultivation, and whether the different managements interfere in the soil microbial and endophytic community. It also aimed to evaluate the biotechnological potential of endophytic fungi obtained during cultivation. The experiment took place in two crops (1st and 2nd cycle), in a continuous system (mushroom-corn-corn), after the harvest of Mushroom of the Sun. The experiments consisted of a double factorial (2 x 4), being: gypsum (presence and absence) and fertility management (control treatment, post-grow area of 'SMS' mushroom, post-grow area of mushroom + 'SMS+S' sowing fertilization, post-grow mushroom area + sowing fertilization + topdressing ' SMS+S+CB'). The chemical attributes of the soil and leaves (macronutrients and organic matter), the productive aspects of corn during cultivation, the microbiological characteristics of the soil (colony-forming unit (CFU) of the soil and rhizosphere), and endophytic (frequency of colonization) were evaluated endophytic root and leaf). In the end, some fungi were selected to evaluate in vitro biotechnological potential (pathogenicity test, mycelial growth, and pairing with the pathogen Fusarium sp.) The results showed that, despite the low levels of macronutrients found in the leaves and soil cultivated under the area after mushroom cultivation, it is possible to reuse these areas. SMS+S+CB was more efficient than the control in providing shoot dry matter (MSPA), and this condition can be an alternative for a mushroom-corn circular crop. SMS+S achieved yields and MSPA not significantly different compared to the control, a relevant circumstance for the producer due to the costs and impacts caused by top dressing. Gypsum application did not show relevant productive increments. For the microbial aspects evaluated, fertilizers and gypsum application were harmful to soil CFU in the 1st cycle, rhizosphere CFU showed less microbial fluctuation during harvests than soil CFU, and corn sowing in post-cultivation areas was shown to be a rich source for the elevation of endophytic microorganisms, specifically root endophytic fungi. Isolates I08, I20, I29, and I36 showed interesting results of mycelial growth and inhibition of Fusarium sp. in addition to being non-pathogenic. Concluded that, under the conditions carried out in this experiment, it is possible to produce maize after the cultivation of Mushroom of the Sun, however, fertilization becomes essential to reduce nutrient losses. Fertilization and plastering influence the CFU of the soil, and the reuse of areas increases the endophytic microbiota of maize. Isolates I08, I20, I29, and I36 have biotechnological potential to be explored.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Zea mays, Produtividade, Composto exaurido de cogumelo, Agricultura familiar, Cogumelos