Acarofauna edáfica, com ênfase nos mesostigmata, em cultivos orgânicos e convencionais de cana-de-açúcar, e aspectos biológicos de Rabdocarpais (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae)
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Data
2021-11-29
Autores
Paula, Flávia Fagundes de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O bioma Mata Atlântica originalmente cobria mais da metade da área do estado de São Paulo, porém foi reduzido à fragmentos vegetais isolados. Neste estado se concentra o maior polo sucroalcooleiro do Brasil e uma das maiores reservas de Mata Atlântica. Ácaros da ordem Mesostigmata são conhecidos predadores de organismos de importância agrícola, porém sua diversidade e abundância são pouco conhecidas em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, principalmente sob influência de fragmentos de vegetação nativa. A família Parasitidae contempla espécies de grande relevância para o controle biológico de pragas, porém nada se conhece de aspectos biológicos de ácaros do gênero Rabdocarpais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a acarofauna edáfica, com ênfase nos Mesostigmata, em plantio de cana-de-açúcar em sistemas de plantio orgânicos e convencionais e sob influência de remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no estado de São Paulo, descrever uma nova espécie de Dendrolaelaps (Mesostigmata) encontrada nas áreas de estudo, e conhecer determinados aspectos biológicos de uma espécie de Rabdocarpais sobre o ácaro Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Astigmatina: Acaridae), o nematoide de vida livre Rhabditella axei (Cobbold) (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) e a mosca-doméstica Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), para otimizar a criação desse ácaro predador em laboratório. Para avaliação da diversidade e abundância de ácaros edáficos foram realizadas coletas de solo em Jaboticabal, São Paulo. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas em quatro áreas de cana-de-açúcar, sob sistema de cultivo orgânico e convencional, próximas ou sem proximidade com fragmentos de Mata de Atlântica. Coletas foram realizadas também em uma área de pastagem e em fragmento de Mata de Atlântica. Uma espécie do gênero Dendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae) coletada em solo de pastagem foi descrita com base em sua morfologia. As áreas de vegetação natural e pastagem apresentaram a maior abundância e diversidade de ácaros Mesostigmata, coorte Gamasina. O sistema de cultivo orgânico e a proximidade com o fragmento de vegetação nativa influenciaram positivamente a abundância de ácaros Gamasina em áreas de plantio de cana-de-açúcar. A média de consumo diário de Rabdocarpais sp. foi de 32,3 ninfas de T. putrescentiae, e 24,2 ovos e 13,4 larvas de M. domestica. A oviposição média diária foi de 1,9, 8,5, 12,5, e 20,8 sobre ninfas de T. putrescentiae, ovos de M. domestica, L1 de M. domestica e R. axei, respectivamente. Na ausência de alimento a fêmea do predador não ovipositou e sobreviveu em média 4,1 dias.
The Atlantic Forest biome originally covered more than half the area of the state of São Paulo, but has been reduced to isolated plant fragments. This state is the largest sugar and alcohol hub in Brazil and one of the largest reserves in the Atlantic Forest. Mites of the order Mesostigmata are known predators of organisms of agricultural importance, but their diversity and abundance is little known in areas cultivated with sugarcane, mainly under the influence of fragments of native vegetation. The Parasitidae family includes species of great relevance for the biological control of pests, a species of the genus Rabdcarpais collected from sugarcane seedlings showed remarkable ability as a predator, however there are no references in the literature about the predatory capacity and biological aspects of species of the gender. The objectives of this study were to investigate the edaphic mite, with emphasis on the Gamasina cohort, in sugarcane planting in organic and conventional planting systems and under the influence of Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of São Paulo, to describe a new species Mesostigmata found in the study areas, to know the biological aspects of the Rabdocarpais sp. fed on Rhabditella axei (Cobbold) (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), to determine the predation potential, oviposition and longevity of females of Rabdocarpais sp. on Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Astigmata: Acaridae), Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) and R. axei. To avaluate the diversity and abundance of soil mites, soil samples were taken in Jaboticabal, São Paulo. Undisturbed samples were collected in four sugarcane areas, under organic and conventional cultivation systems and close or not close to fragments of the Atlantic Forest. Collections were also carried out in a pasture area and in the Atlantic Forest fragment. A species of the genus Dendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae) collected in pasture soil was described based on its morphology. The evaluation of biological aspects was carried out from the individualization of 60 eggs of Rabdocarpais sp. To assess the predatory capacity, oviposition and longevity, an adult female of the predator was used on T. putrescentiae nymphs, eggs and first instar larvae of M. domestica and R. axei in all their developmental stages. The areas of natural vegetation and pasture showed the greatest abundance and diversity of Mesostigmata mites, Gamasina cohort. The organic cultivation system and the proximity to the native vegetation fragment positively influenced the abundance of Gamasina mites in sugarcane plantation areas. The development period from egg to adult of Rabdocarpais sp. was similar to other species in the family. The highest predation rate was obtained on T. putrescentiae, oviposition on R. axei and the greatest longevity on T. putrescentiae and L1 of M. domestica.
The Atlantic Forest biome originally covered more than half the area of the state of São Paulo, but has been reduced to isolated plant fragments. This state is the largest sugar and alcohol hub in Brazil and one of the largest reserves in the Atlantic Forest. Mites of the order Mesostigmata are known predators of organisms of agricultural importance, but their diversity and abundance is little known in areas cultivated with sugarcane, mainly under the influence of fragments of native vegetation. The Parasitidae family includes species of great relevance for the biological control of pests, a species of the genus Rabdcarpais collected from sugarcane seedlings showed remarkable ability as a predator, however there are no references in the literature about the predatory capacity and biological aspects of species of the gender. The objectives of this study were to investigate the edaphic mite, with emphasis on the Gamasina cohort, in sugarcane planting in organic and conventional planting systems and under the influence of Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of São Paulo, to describe a new species Mesostigmata found in the study areas, to know the biological aspects of the Rabdocarpais sp. fed on Rhabditella axei (Cobbold) (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), to determine the predation potential, oviposition and longevity of females of Rabdocarpais sp. on Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Astigmata: Acaridae), Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) and R. axei. To avaluate the diversity and abundance of soil mites, soil samples were taken in Jaboticabal, São Paulo. Undisturbed samples were collected in four sugarcane areas, under organic and conventional cultivation systems and close or not close to fragments of the Atlantic Forest. Collections were also carried out in a pasture area and in the Atlantic Forest fragment. A species of the genus Dendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae) collected in pasture soil was described based on its morphology. The evaluation of biological aspects was carried out from the individualization of 60 eggs of Rabdocarpais sp. To assess the predatory capacity, oviposition and longevity, an adult female of the predator was used on T. putrescentiae nymphs, eggs and first instar larvae of M. domestica and R. axei in all their developmental stages. The areas of natural vegetation and pasture showed the greatest abundance and diversity of Mesostigmata mites, Gamasina cohort. The organic cultivation system and the proximity to the native vegetation fragment positively influenced the abundance of Gamasina mites in sugarcane plantation areas. The development period from egg to adult of Rabdocarpais sp. was similar to other species in the family. The highest predation rate was obtained on T. putrescentiae, oviposition on R. axei and the greatest longevity on T. putrescentiae and L1 of M. domestica.
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Diversidade, Criação, Ácaro