Leishmaniose visceral canina
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Data
2022-01-17
Autores
Santos, Gustavo de Carvalho
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é considerada uma doença de saúde pública, sendo uma zoonose em expansão em todo o território brasileiro. É causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum, um parasita intracelular obrigatório das células do sistema fagocítico mononuclear dos hospedeiros vertebrados, sua transmissão ocorre através da picada da fêmea do popularmente conhecido: “mosquito palha”; sendo seu nome científico: Lutzomyia longipalpis. O cão doméstico é considerado o principal reservatório desse parasita, que com o decorrer dos últimos anos vem saindo das áreas rurais e se expandindo para as grandes cidades do país devido crescimento urbano desorganizado em áreas de precárias condições de saneamento e saúde, propiciando a multiplicação do vetor da doença. Em nosso país, anualmente 3500 casos humanos são notificados, sendo que aproximadamente 70% deles se encontram na região Nordeste. A taxa de letalidade humana é próxima de 6-7% podendo ultrapassar 10% em alguns estados. Os sinais clínicos nos cães são inespecíficos e comuns a outras patogenias devido ao seu caráter crônico e generalizado. O diagnóstico pode ser feito através de exames sorológicos, parasitológicos e moleculares. Dado o diagnóstico, o estadiamento é imprescindível para conduta terapêutica e prognóstico, ele se baseia na clínica do animal, também em seus níveis de anticorpos e em sua carga parasitária. Tendo como a maior complicação da doença as injúrias renais, além do tratamento através de imunoterapia e imunomodulação, o tratamento segundo as diretrizes da sociedade internacional de interesse renal (IRIS) é de fundamental importância a depender do estágio da doença. A vacinação dos cães e a utilização de coleiras repelentes são hoje em dia os principais meios de profilaxia. O seguinte trabalho teve como objetivo fazer uma revisão bibliográfica da leishmaniose visceral canina, sua etiologia, patogenia, clínica, diagnóstico, protocolos terapêuticos e métodos de prevenção e controle.
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is considered a disease of public health, being a zoonosis that is rapidly growing in the country. It is caused by protozoa Leishmania infantum, an obligatory intracellular parasite of the cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system of vertebrate host, its transmission occurs through the bite of the popularly know female: “sandflies”; its scientific name being: Lutzomyia longipalpis. The domestic dog is considered the main reservoir of the parasite, which over the last few years has been leaving rural areas and expanding to the big cities of the country due to disorganized urban growth in areas with poor sanitation and health conditions, allowing the multiplication of the vector of the disease. In Brazil, annually 3500 human cases are notified, and approximately 70% of them are in the Northeast region. The human fatality rate is close to 6-7% and may exceed 10% in some states. Clinical signs in dogs are nonspecific and common to other pathogens due their chronic and generalized character. Diagnosis can be made through serological, parasitological and molecular tests. Given the diagnosis, clinical staging is essential for therapeutic management and prognosis, it is based on the animal’s clinic, also on its antibody levels and on its parasite load. Kidney injuries are the major complication of the disease, in addition to treatment through immunotherapy and immunomodulation, treatment according to the guidelines of the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) is of fundamental importance depending on the stage of the disease. Vaccination of dogs and the use of repellent collars are currently the main means of prophylaxis. The following work aimed to make a literature review of canine visceral leishmaniasis, its etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, therapeutic protocols and methods of prevention and control.
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is considered a disease of public health, being a zoonosis that is rapidly growing in the country. It is caused by protozoa Leishmania infantum, an obligatory intracellular parasite of the cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system of vertebrate host, its transmission occurs through the bite of the popularly know female: “sandflies”; its scientific name being: Lutzomyia longipalpis. The domestic dog is considered the main reservoir of the parasite, which over the last few years has been leaving rural areas and expanding to the big cities of the country due to disorganized urban growth in areas with poor sanitation and health conditions, allowing the multiplication of the vector of the disease. In Brazil, annually 3500 human cases are notified, and approximately 70% of them are in the Northeast region. The human fatality rate is close to 6-7% and may exceed 10% in some states. Clinical signs in dogs are nonspecific and common to other pathogens due their chronic and generalized character. Diagnosis can be made through serological, parasitological and molecular tests. Given the diagnosis, clinical staging is essential for therapeutic management and prognosis, it is based on the animal’s clinic, also on its antibody levels and on its parasite load. Kidney injuries are the major complication of the disease, in addition to treatment through immunotherapy and immunomodulation, treatment according to the guidelines of the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) is of fundamental importance depending on the stage of the disease. Vaccination of dogs and the use of repellent collars are currently the main means of prophylaxis. The following work aimed to make a literature review of canine visceral leishmaniasis, its etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, therapeutic protocols and methods of prevention and control.
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Palavras-chave
Leishmaniose visceral, Cão, Zoonoses, Visceral leishmaniasis, Dogs, Zoonosis