Influência de simbiontes na aptidão de Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) e Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e potencial de produtos antimicrobianos na redução da infecção de Nosema sp.
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Data
2021-12-08
Autores
Silva, Nadja Nara Pereira da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A utilização de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) na regulação populacional da broca-da-cana, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) está entre os programas de controle biológico aplicado mais eficiente e reconhecido mundialmente. Entretanto, a qualidade deste parasitoide pode ser comprometida devido a contaminações pelo microsporídio Nosema sp. (Microspora: Nosematidae) em produções massais de D. saccharalis, o que compromete a eficiência de C. flavipes. Exemplos como este, demonstram a relevância de compreender as interações simbióticas e o efeito de tais associações em populações de D. saccharalis e C. flavipes, a fim de detectar possíveis alterações biológicas e morfológicas mediadas pela ação desses microrganismos, bem como alternativas que mitiguem os efeitos deletérios de tal associação. Com isso, este trabalho objetivou detectar a presença dos simbiontes facultativos do gênero Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Cardinium, Spiroplasma, Rickettsia, Serratia, Wolbachia, Sodalis e Nosema em D. saccharalis e C. flavipes, bem como, avaliar o efeito da infecção por esses microrganismos no desenvolvimento do seu hospedeiro; avaliar as alterações morfológicas em C. flavipes ocasionadas pela infecção de Nosema sp. e o potencial de óleos essenciais e produtos antimicrobianos na redução da infecção de Nosema sp. em D. saccharalis. Para isso, foi realizado PCR diagnóstico por meio de primers específicos para a detecção dos organismos simbiontes e as características biológicas e morfológicas do hospedeiro infectado e não infectado foram comparadas. Foram analisadas a atividade de voo e as deformações de C. flavipes mantidas em lagartas de D. saccharalis não contaminadas e contaminadas com 1x10¹; 1x10²; 1x10³ esporos de Nosema sp./lagarta e foram avaliados o potencial antimicrobiano dos óleos essenciais de: Cymbopogon citratus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Origanum vulgare e Syzygium aromaticum e dos antibióticos: Albendy® (Albendazol), Flagimax® (Metronidazol) e Pletil® (Tinidazol) na redução da infecção de Nosema sp. em D. saccharalis, bem como, avaliados os efeitos do tratamento na biologia deste lepidóptero e de C. flavipes. Nas amostras de D. saccharalis analisadas não foi detectada a presença das espécies de simbiontes estudadas. Em C. flavipes foi detectada a presença do endossimbionte Wolbachia, sendo que, tal associação resultou em alterações biológicas neste parasitoide. Nosema sp. compromete a capacidade de voo de C. flavipes e, isso se deve principalmente pelas alterações em medidas morfológicas e deformações nas asas ocasionadas pela infecção desse patógeno no parasitoide. Nas avaliações sobre o efeito de produtos antimicrobianos no desenvolvimento de Nosema sp. os antibióticos albendazol (0,5 mg/mL) e metronidazol (1 mg/mL) e os óleos essenciais de S.aromaticum (0,01%), O. vulgare (0,01%) e de S. terebinthifolius (0,02 e 0,05%) demostraram maior redução na infecção deste microsporídio em D. saccharalis, os quais apresentaram pouco ou nenhum efeito deletério em parâmetros biológicos deste lepidóptero e em C. flavipes. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo evidenciam a importância do controle de qualidade durante o processo de produção massal de inimigos naturais, bem como, fornecem informações que servirão como base para o aprimoramento e manutenção da qualidade de C. flavipes.
The use of Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the population regulation of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is among the most efficient and recognized biological control programs applied worldwide. However, the quality of this parasitoid may be compromised due to contamination by the intracellular parasite Nosema sp. (Microspora: Nosematidae) in mass productions of D. saccharalis, which compromises the efficiency of C. flavipes. Examples such as this demonstrate the relevance of understanding the symbiotic interactions and the effect of such associations on populations of D. saccharalis and C. flavipes, in order to detect possible biological and morphological changes mediated by the action of these microorganisms, as well as alternatives that reduce the deleterious effects of such association. With this, this work aimed to detect the presence of facultative symbionts of the genus Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Cardinium, Spiroplasma, Rickettsia, Serratia, Wolbachia, Sodalis and Nosema in D. saccharalis and C. flavipes, as well as to evaluate the effect of infection by these microorganisms on the fitness of their host; to evaluate morphological changes in C. flavipes caused by Nosema sp. infection and the potential of antimicrobial products in reducing Nosema sp. infection in D. saccharalis. For this, diagnostic PCR was performed by means of specific primers for the detection of symbiont organisms and the biological and morphological characteristics of the infected and non-infected host were compared. Flight activity and deformations of C. flavipes maintained in caterpillars of D. saccharalis not contaminated and contaminated with 1x10¹ were analyzed; 1x10²; 1x10³ spores of Nosema sp./caterpillar and the antimicrobial potential of essential oils of: Cymbopogon citratus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Origanum vulgare and Syzygium aromaticum and antibiotics were evaluated: Albendy® (Albendazole), Flagimax® (Metronidazole) and Pletil® (Tinidazole) in reducing Nosema sp. in D. saccharalis, as well as, evaluated the effects of treatment on the biology of this lepidopteran and C. flavipes. In the samples of D. saccharalis analyzed, the presence of the species of symbionts studied was not detected. In C. flavipes, the presence of the endosymbiont Wolbachia was detected, and this association resulted in biological changes in this parasitoid. Nosema sp. compromises the flight capacity of C. flavipes and, this is mainly due to changes in morphological measurements and deformations in the wings caused by infection of this pathogen in the parasitoid. In the evaluations on the effect of antimicrobial products on the development of Nosema sp. albendazole (0.5 mg/mL) and metronidazole (1 mg/mL) and essential oils of S.aromaticum (0.01%), O. vulgare (0.01%) and S. terebinthifolius (0.02 and 0.05%) showed a greater reduction in infection of this microsporidium in D. saccharalis, which showed little or no deleterious effect on biological parameters of this lepidopterum and in C. flavipes. The results presented in this study show the importance of quality control during the mass production process of natural enemies, as well as provide information that will serve as a basis for the improvement and maintenance of the quality of C. flavipes.
The use of Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the population regulation of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is among the most efficient and recognized biological control programs applied worldwide. However, the quality of this parasitoid may be compromised due to contamination by the intracellular parasite Nosema sp. (Microspora: Nosematidae) in mass productions of D. saccharalis, which compromises the efficiency of C. flavipes. Examples such as this demonstrate the relevance of understanding the symbiotic interactions and the effect of such associations on populations of D. saccharalis and C. flavipes, in order to detect possible biological and morphological changes mediated by the action of these microorganisms, as well as alternatives that reduce the deleterious effects of such association. With this, this work aimed to detect the presence of facultative symbionts of the genus Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Cardinium, Spiroplasma, Rickettsia, Serratia, Wolbachia, Sodalis and Nosema in D. saccharalis and C. flavipes, as well as to evaluate the effect of infection by these microorganisms on the fitness of their host; to evaluate morphological changes in C. flavipes caused by Nosema sp. infection and the potential of antimicrobial products in reducing Nosema sp. infection in D. saccharalis. For this, diagnostic PCR was performed by means of specific primers for the detection of symbiont organisms and the biological and morphological characteristics of the infected and non-infected host were compared. Flight activity and deformations of C. flavipes maintained in caterpillars of D. saccharalis not contaminated and contaminated with 1x10¹ were analyzed; 1x10²; 1x10³ spores of Nosema sp./caterpillar and the antimicrobial potential of essential oils of: Cymbopogon citratus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Origanum vulgare and Syzygium aromaticum and antibiotics were evaluated: Albendy® (Albendazole), Flagimax® (Metronidazole) and Pletil® (Tinidazole) in reducing Nosema sp. in D. saccharalis, as well as, evaluated the effects of treatment on the biology of this lepidopteran and C. flavipes. In the samples of D. saccharalis analyzed, the presence of the species of symbionts studied was not detected. In C. flavipes, the presence of the endosymbiont Wolbachia was detected, and this association resulted in biological changes in this parasitoid. Nosema sp. compromises the flight capacity of C. flavipes and, this is mainly due to changes in morphological measurements and deformations in the wings caused by infection of this pathogen in the parasitoid. In the evaluations on the effect of antimicrobial products on the development of Nosema sp. albendazole (0.5 mg/mL) and metronidazole (1 mg/mL) and essential oils of S.aromaticum (0.01%), O. vulgare (0.01%) and S. terebinthifolius (0.02 and 0.05%) showed a greater reduction in infection of this microsporidium in D. saccharalis, which showed little or no deleterious effect on biological parameters of this lepidopterum and in C. flavipes. The results presented in this study show the importance of quality control during the mass production process of natural enemies, as well as provide information that will serve as a basis for the improvement and maintenance of the quality of C. flavipes.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Controle biológico, Broca-da-cana, Parasitoide larval, Microsporídio, Controle de qualidade, Biological control, Sugarcane borer, Larval parasitoid, Microsporidium, Quality control