Modelagem para dimensionamento de gaseificador a plasma: aspectos técnicos e econômicos
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Data
2021-12-13
Autores
Paulino, Regina Franciélle Silva [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A tecnologia de gaseificação a plasma é ecologicamente correta e pode ser aplicada para processar resíduos sólidos municipais, comerciais, industriais, petroquímicos e do serviço de saúde. Esta é ainda uma tecnologia pouco difundida porque apresenta elevados consumo de eletricidade e custo econômico, mas pode ser uma alternativa para o processamento de resíduos sólidos do serviço de saúde (RSS) devido ao fato de permitir tratamento adequado. O processo produz gás de síntese que pode ser utilizado para geração de energia térmica e/ou elétrica. Tendo em vista que o Brasil tem sérios problemas com o descarte incorreto dos RSS e também pelo aumento da geração deste tipo de resíduo devido a pandemia Covid-19, faz-se necessário a ampliação a aprofundamento de estudos da tecnologia de gaseificação a plasma para o processamento e eliminação do RSS das cidades brasileiras. Neste trabalho de tese é desenvolvido uma metodologia que apresenta uma sequência de procedimentos para o dimensionamento de gaseificador a plasma. São efetuados estudos termodinâmicos para determinação do potencial de geração de energia elétrica em motor de combustão interna (MCI) e em um conjunto turbina a gás (CTG), operando com gás de síntese produzido pelo sistema de gaseificação a plasma. São ainda determinados os níveis de eficiências energéticas e exergéticas do sistemas propostos. Também são realizados estudos de engenharia econômica para a determinação dos custos da produção de gás de síntese e de eletricidade (US$/kWh); também são determinados a receita anual e o payback. Os estudos termodinâmicos e econômicos são aplicados para analisar o caso considerando o processamento de resíduos sólidos do serviço de saúde produzido na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, de acordo com os dados de disponibilidade de RSS em 2020, que apresentou crescimento considerável na produção deste tipo de resíduo, como já mencionado, devido a pandemia Covid-19. Conclui-se que é possível determinar dimensões importantes do gaseificador a plasma a partir do melhor ponto de operação e do tempo de destruição do RSS. Conclui-se ainda, que é possível dar tratamento final e uso energético aos RSS utilizando gaseificador a plasma com tocha de arco transferido. Dos estrudos termodinâmicos e econômicos têm-se que o processo de gaseificação a plasma é promissor quando associado com MCI ou CTG, para a capacidade de 36872 t/ano de RSS é possível produzir 2772,54 e 3741,63 kW, respectivamente, e apresentando payback similares de 4 a 8 anos, quando comparado com os processos tradicionais de autoclavagem e incineração, respectivamente.
Plasma gasification technology is environmentally friendly and can be applied to process solid municipal, commercial, industrial, petrochemical and biomedical waste. This is still a littleknown technology because it has high electricity consumption and economic cost, but it can be an alternative for the processing of biomedical waste (BW) due to the fact that it allows for adequate treatment. The process produces and syngas that can be used to generate thermal and/or electrical energy. Considering that Brazil has serious problems with the incorrect disposal of BW and also the increase in the generation of this type of waste due to the Covid19 pandemic, it is necessary to expand and deepen studies of plasma gasification technology for the processing and elimination of BW from Brazilian cities. In this thesis work, a methodology is developed that presents a sequence of procedures for the design of a plasma gasifier. Thermodynamic studies are carried out to determine the potential of electrical energy generation in an internal combustion engine (ICE) and in a gas turbine set (GTS), operating with syngas produced by the plasma gasification system. The levels of energy and exergetic efficiencies of the proposed systems are also determined. Economic engineering studies are also carried out to determine the costs of production of gas (syngas) and electricity (US$/kWh); Annual revenue and payback are also determined. Thermodynamic and economic studies are applied to analyze the case considering the processing of biomedical waste produced in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, according to BW availability data in 2020, which showed considerable growth in its production type of waste, as already mentioned, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is concluded that it is possible to determine important dimensions of the plasma gasifier from the best operating point and destruction time of the BW. It is also concluded that it is possible to give final treatment and energy use to the BW using plasma gasifier with transferred arc torch. From thermodynamic and economic studies, the plasma gasification process is shown to be promising when associated with ICE or SGT for a capacity of 36872 t/year of RSS it is possible to produce 2772.54 and 3741.63 kW, respectively, and presenting similar paybacks of 4 to 8 years, when compared to traditional autoclaving and incineration processes, respectively
Plasma gasification technology is environmentally friendly and can be applied to process solid municipal, commercial, industrial, petrochemical and biomedical waste. This is still a littleknown technology because it has high electricity consumption and economic cost, but it can be an alternative for the processing of biomedical waste (BW) due to the fact that it allows for adequate treatment. The process produces and syngas that can be used to generate thermal and/or electrical energy. Considering that Brazil has serious problems with the incorrect disposal of BW and also the increase in the generation of this type of waste due to the Covid19 pandemic, it is necessary to expand and deepen studies of plasma gasification technology for the processing and elimination of BW from Brazilian cities. In this thesis work, a methodology is developed that presents a sequence of procedures for the design of a plasma gasifier. Thermodynamic studies are carried out to determine the potential of electrical energy generation in an internal combustion engine (ICE) and in a gas turbine set (GTS), operating with syngas produced by the plasma gasification system. The levels of energy and exergetic efficiencies of the proposed systems are also determined. Economic engineering studies are also carried out to determine the costs of production of gas (syngas) and electricity (US$/kWh); Annual revenue and payback are also determined. Thermodynamic and economic studies are applied to analyze the case considering the processing of biomedical waste produced in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, according to BW availability data in 2020, which showed considerable growth in its production type of waste, as already mentioned, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is concluded that it is possible to determine important dimensions of the plasma gasifier from the best operating point and destruction time of the BW. It is also concluded that it is possible to give final treatment and energy use to the BW using plasma gasifier with transferred arc torch. From thermodynamic and economic studies, the plasma gasification process is shown to be promising when associated with ICE or SGT for a capacity of 36872 t/year of RSS it is possible to produce 2772.54 and 3741.63 kW, respectively, and presenting similar paybacks of 4 to 8 years, when compared to traditional autoclaving and incineration processes, respectively
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Palavras-chave
Gaseificação a plasma, Dimensionamento, Resíduos sólidos de saúde, Análise termodinâmica, Análise econômica, Plasma gasification, Plasma gasifier, Biomedical waste, Thermodynamic analysis, Economic analysis, Gases em plasma, Gaseificação de biomassa, Termodinâmica