Associação de fatores individuais e do ambiente alimentar nas escolas com o excesso de peso e obesidade dos escolares na América do Sul: uma revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais da última década
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Data
2021-12-20
Autores
Cardozo, Najla de Oliveira
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Objetivo: Identificar a associação dos fatores individuais de consumo e do ambiente alimentar nas escolas com o excesso de peso dos escolares da América do Sul nos últimos dez anos. Métodos: Houve o registro na plataforma PROSPERO (CRD42020212383) e sua elaboração foi de acordo com o PRISMA. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, utilizadas cinco bases de dados bibliográficas eletrônicas (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus e LILACS). Estudos elegíveis para a revisão tinham a população alvo escolares (5 a 19 anos); avaliaram variáveis de ambiente alimentar nas escolas (política nutricional, ambiente físico, qualidade dos alimentos disponíveis para consumo) e individuais de consumo dos escolares (adesão a alimentação escolar e alimentos consumidos na escola); avaliação do estado nutricional por antropometria; estudos observacionais de coorte prospectivos, retrospectivos e transversais; realizados em países da América do Sul. Para avaliação da qualidade foi usada a ferramenta do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Resultados: Foram selecionados treze estudos, onze do Brasil, um da Argentina e outro do Equador. Todos estudos foram observacionais transversais e apresentaram qualidade metodológica. Quanto aos fatores do ambiente escolar, a falta de políticas de nutrição e a disponibilidade de junk food apresentaram associações postivas com as taxas de excesso de peso dos escolares. Nos fatores individuais, a adesão à alimentação escolar foi um fator protetor do excesso de peso. Conclusão: A qualidade do alimento no ambiente alimentar escolar, a presença de políticas públicas de alimentação escolar e a adesão/frequência da alimentação escolar dos escolares brasileiros foram associadas à menor prevalência de excesso de peso. Enquanto para os outros países os dados não puderam ser generalizados. Mais estudos investigando ambiente alimentar escolar nesses e em mais países da América do Sul são necessários para informar políticas públicas de prevenção à obesidade infantil.
Aim: Identify the association of individual intake factors and school food environment with overweight among schoolchildren in South America over the last ten years. Methods: It was registered in the PROSPERO platform (CRD42020212383) and prepared according to PRISMA. A systematic review was performed using five electronic bibliographic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus and LILACS). Studies eligible for review had the target population of schoolchildren (5 to 19 years old); assessed variables of food environment in schools (nutrition policy, physical environment, quality of food available for consumption) and individual consumption of schoolchildren (adherence to school meals and food consumed at school); assessment of nutritional status by anthropometry; observational cohort prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies; carried out in South American countries. For quality assessment, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute tool was used. Results: Thirteen studies were selected, eleven from Brazil, one from Argentina and one from Ecuador. All studies were cross-sectional observational and presented methodological quality. Regarding school environment factors, the lack of nutrition policies and the availability of junk food showed positive associations with overweight rates in schoolchildren. In individual factors, adherence to school meals was a protective factor against overweight. Conclusion: The quality of food in the school food environment, the presence of school feeding public policies, and the adherence/frequency of school meals of Brazilian schoolchildren were associated with lower prevalence of overweight. While for the other countries, the data could not be generalized. More studies investigating school food environment in these and other South American countries to report on public policies to prevent childhood obesity.
Aim: Identify the association of individual intake factors and school food environment with overweight among schoolchildren in South America over the last ten years. Methods: It was registered in the PROSPERO platform (CRD42020212383) and prepared according to PRISMA. A systematic review was performed using five electronic bibliographic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus and LILACS). Studies eligible for review had the target population of schoolchildren (5 to 19 years old); assessed variables of food environment in schools (nutrition policy, physical environment, quality of food available for consumption) and individual consumption of schoolchildren (adherence to school meals and food consumed at school); assessment of nutritional status by anthropometry; observational cohort prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies; carried out in South American countries. For quality assessment, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute tool was used. Results: Thirteen studies were selected, eleven from Brazil, one from Argentina and one from Ecuador. All studies were cross-sectional observational and presented methodological quality. Regarding school environment factors, the lack of nutrition policies and the availability of junk food showed positive associations with overweight rates in schoolchildren. In individual factors, adherence to school meals was a protective factor against overweight. Conclusion: The quality of food in the school food environment, the presence of school feeding public policies, and the adherence/frequency of school meals of Brazilian schoolchildren were associated with lower prevalence of overweight. While for the other countries, the data could not be generalized. More studies investigating school food environment in these and other South American countries to report on public policies to prevent childhood obesity.
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Palavras-chave
Ambiente construído, Alimentação escolar, Obesidade infantil, Saúde da criança, Educação alimentar e nutricional, : Built environment, School feeding, Child obesity, Child health, Food and nutrition education