Cerdas biodegradáveis para escova dental ecológica: desenvolvimento de alternativas biosustentáveis
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Data
2021-12-20
Autores
Silva, Ana Carolina Barbosa Nascimento da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As escovas dentais são instrumentos utilizados para a limpeza da cavidade bucal e desestruturação da placa bacteriana. Estes dispositivos são formados por uma cabeça de cerdas, que variam em composição, formato, número e que são inseridas em um cabo para realização da higiene oral. Os materiais mais utilizados em sua confecção são o nylon e o plástico que produzem, somente no Brasil, um descarte anual de 120 milhões de escovas gerando 1.920 toneladas de lixo que se acumulam no meio ambiente em aterros sanitários e oceanos, pois somente uma porcentagem insignificante é reciclada por não serem biodegradáveis. Nas últimas décadas a humanidade vem desenvolvendo, cada vez mais, uma consciência ambiental e a redução do descarte associada ao desenvolvimento de alternativas biosustentáveis para itens de uso cotidiano vem de encontro a essa nova filosofia. Uma solução menos agressiva ao meio-ambiente são as chamadas escovas ecológicas. Nestas, o cabo de plástico pode ser substituído por materiais não poluentes e que se decompõem como bambu ou madeira prensada, por exemplo, contudo as cerdas ainda carecem de solução apropriada. A única escova biosustentável é a composta de pêlo de porco, mas é um material controverso por ser de origem animal. A proposta deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de alternativas biodegradáveis para cerdas de escova dental, a partir de fibras de bananeira e de sisal sob os aspectos de propriedades dos materiais, potencial antimicrobiano, teste de desgaste e biodegradação de forma a proporcionar resultados que possam viabilizar aplicações futuras em escovas biodegradáveis. Como resultado da pesquisa observou-se que a fibra de sisal 160 µm é relativamente mais espessa quando comparada a fibra de bananeira 150 µm. Em relação ao tempo de secagem em estufa, as fibras de sisal e bananeira no período de 48 horas mostraram menor rugosidade e maior uniformidade em relação aos intervalos avaliados; na análise em MEV que o sisal apresentou a superfície mais uniforme e sulcos menos profundos. No teste de microdiluição, os extratos com maior efetividade foram a bardana e o própolis com efeito bactericida (bardana CIM/CMM 12,5 mg/mL na C. albicans e 12,5 mg/mL no S. Mutans e o própolis 25 mg/mL na C. albicans e 25 mg/mL no S. Mutans). Em relação ao sinergismo dos extratos, a melhor combinação obtida foi a bardana com própolis para C. albicans (0,72 e 1,0) com CIM de 2x e bacteriostático no S. mutans, contudo quando adicionados às fibras em diferentes concentrações (25%, 50%, 75% e 100%) não foram capazes de inibir o crescimento do microorganismo Streptococcus mutans tanto no teste do halo de inibição como na cultura em caldo Mueller Hinton. No ensaio de microtração (One-way ANOVA) complementada pelo teste de Tukey não se observou diferenças estatísticas significativas para as fibras de bananeira e nem para as fibras de sisal. À análise estatística não paramétrica, teste de Mann-Whitney houve diferença estatística significativa B48h+a X S48h+a com (p=0,0046<0,05), constatando-se que neste período de 48h com a adição de antimicrobianos a fibra de sisal foi mais resistente à tração. Os dados obtidos no desgaste das cerdas de bananeira e sisal após a máquina de escovação pelo teste t-Student revelaram que B.C-1m X S.C-1m com p=0,020<0,05 e B.P-3m X S.P-3m com p=0,007<0,05. Na biodegradação, as fibras de bananeiras apresentaram decomposição completa em 60 dias enquanto o sisal necessitou de 90 dias para total degradação. Conclui-se assim que a fibra de sisal por apresentar maior resistência a tração, menor desgaste na escovação e um curto tempo de biodegradação revelou-se uma opção promissora para cerdas ecológicas, contudo a incorporação de antimicrobianos na mesma ainda necessita de maior desenvolvimento.
Toothbrushes are instruments used to clean the oral cavity and to disrupt plaque. These devices are formed by a head of bristles, that vary in composition, shape, number that are inserted in a handle to perform oral hygiene. The most common materials used in its manufacturing processes are nylon and plastic, which result 120 million brushes discarted annually in Brazil alone, generating 1.920 tons of garbage that accumulate in the environment in landfills and oceans, since only a negligible percentage is recycled one they are not biodegradable. In the last decades, humanity has been developing an increasing environmental awareness and the reduction of disposal associated with the development of bio sustainable alternatives is aligned with this new philosophy. A less aggressive solution are the so called “ecological brushes”. In this concept the plastic of the handles can be replaced by non-polluting materials that decompose like bamboo or pressed wood, however the bristles still lack an appropriate solution. The only fully bio sustainable brush is based on pig hair bristles, but it is a controversial material because it is of animal origin. Thus, the purpose of this work is to evaluate bio-degradable alternatives for toothbrush bristles with banana and sisal fibers under the aspects of material properties, antibacterial coatings and wear tests in order to develop a basis for tests and results that can enable future applications in biodegradable brushes. As a result of the research, it was observed that the 160 µm sisal fiber is relatively thicker when compared to the 150 µm banana fiber. Regarding the drying time in an oven, the fibers of sisal and banana in a period of 48 hours showed less roughness and greater uniformity in relation to the evaluated intervals; in the MEV analysis that the sisal had a more even surface and shallowed furrows. In the microdilution test, the extracts with greater effectiveness were burdock and propolis with bactericidal effect (burdock CIM/CMM 12.5 mg/mL in C. albicans and 12.5 mg/mL in S. Mutans and propolis 25 mg /mL in C. albicans and 25 mg/mL in S. Mutans). Regarding the synergism of the extracts, the best combination obtained was burdock with propolis for C. albicans (0.72 and 1.0) with 2x MIC and bacteriostatic in S. mutans, however when added to the fibers at different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) they were not able to inhibit the growth of the microorganism Streptococcus mutans both in the inhibition halo test and in the culture in Mueller Hinton broth In the microtensile test (One-way ANOVA) complemented by the Tukey test, no statistically significant differences were observed for banana fibers or for sisal fibers. significant statistic B48h+a X S48h+a with (p=0.0046<0.05), showing that in this 48h period with the addition of antimicrobials, the sisal fiber was more resistant to traction. p=0.020<0.05 and BP-3m X SP-3m with p=0.007<0.05. In biodegradation, banana fibers showed complete decomposition in 60 days, while sisal required 90 days for total degradation. It is concluded that sisal fiber, because it has greater tensile strength, less brushing wear and a short biodegradation time, proved to be a promising option for ecological bristles, however the incorporation of antimicrobials in it still needs further development.
Toothbrushes are instruments used to clean the oral cavity and to disrupt plaque. These devices are formed by a head of bristles, that vary in composition, shape, number that are inserted in a handle to perform oral hygiene. The most common materials used in its manufacturing processes are nylon and plastic, which result 120 million brushes discarted annually in Brazil alone, generating 1.920 tons of garbage that accumulate in the environment in landfills and oceans, since only a negligible percentage is recycled one they are not biodegradable. In the last decades, humanity has been developing an increasing environmental awareness and the reduction of disposal associated with the development of bio sustainable alternatives is aligned with this new philosophy. A less aggressive solution are the so called “ecological brushes”. In this concept the plastic of the handles can be replaced by non-polluting materials that decompose like bamboo or pressed wood, however the bristles still lack an appropriate solution. The only fully bio sustainable brush is based on pig hair bristles, but it is a controversial material because it is of animal origin. Thus, the purpose of this work is to evaluate bio-degradable alternatives for toothbrush bristles with banana and sisal fibers under the aspects of material properties, antibacterial coatings and wear tests in order to develop a basis for tests and results that can enable future applications in biodegradable brushes. As a result of the research, it was observed that the 160 µm sisal fiber is relatively thicker when compared to the 150 µm banana fiber. Regarding the drying time in an oven, the fibers of sisal and banana in a period of 48 hours showed less roughness and greater uniformity in relation to the evaluated intervals; in the MEV analysis that the sisal had a more even surface and shallowed furrows. In the microdilution test, the extracts with greater effectiveness were burdock and propolis with bactericidal effect (burdock CIM/CMM 12.5 mg/mL in C. albicans and 12.5 mg/mL in S. Mutans and propolis 25 mg /mL in C. albicans and 25 mg/mL in S. Mutans). Regarding the synergism of the extracts, the best combination obtained was burdock with propolis for C. albicans (0.72 and 1.0) with 2x MIC and bacteriostatic in S. mutans, however when added to the fibers at different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) they were not able to inhibit the growth of the microorganism Streptococcus mutans both in the inhibition halo test and in the culture in Mueller Hinton broth In the microtensile test (One-way ANOVA) complemented by the Tukey test, no statistically significant differences were observed for banana fibers or for sisal fibers. significant statistic B48h+a X S48h+a with (p=0.0046<0.05), showing that in this 48h period with the addition of antimicrobials, the sisal fiber was more resistant to traction. p=0.020<0.05 and BP-3m X SP-3m with p=0.007<0.05. In biodegradation, banana fibers showed complete decomposition in 60 days, while sisal required 90 days for total degradation. It is concluded that sisal fiber, because it has greater tensile strength, less brushing wear and a short biodegradation time, proved to be a promising option for ecological bristles, however the incorporation of antimicrobials in it still needs further development.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Higiene bucal, Escovação dentária, Saúde bucal, Biosustentabilidade, Oral hygiene, Toothbrushing, Oral health, Biosustainability