Análise emergética da produção de mudas de hortaliças em estufas de bambu
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Data
2022-01-18
Autores
Trevelin, César Claro [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As hortaliças possuem especial importância nutritiva, estando associadas à prevenção de doenças como câncer, diabetes tipo II e obesidade. No Brasil, o seu consumo está abaixo do recomendado. Faz-se necessário buscar formas de estimular o seu consumo e, para isto, é necessário criar mecanismos que garantam acesso e oferta suficiente, diversificada e permanente para toda a população. O modelo produtivo que se destaca na produção desse tipo de alimento é a agricultura familiar, por produzir mais de 50% dos alimentos contidos na cesta básica brasileira e ser formada por cerca de 70% dos trabalhadores rurais brasileiros. Já no meio urbano, as hortas comunitárias têm relevância, aproximando agricultores de consumidores, praticando preços mais acessíveis e dando uso a espaços ociosos. No processo de produção de hortaliças, a produção de mudas é uma das etapas mais importantes, pois a qualidade das mudas é determinante para o desempenho produtivo das plantas. Formas de agricultura sustentáveis são vitais para produção de alimento saudáveis, sem uso abusivo de recursos naturais ou produtos que ocasionam agressão ao meio ambiente. A emergia é uma ferramenta biofísica de avaliação de sustentabilidade, que mensura, em uma única métrica, o trabalho da natureza e do ser humano na geração de seus produtos e serviços. O presente estudo tratou da análise emergética da produção de mudas de hortaliças em estufa artesanal de bambu no município de Botucatu - SP, tendo como objetivos gerais analisar a produção diversificada de mudas em pequena escala com variações na forma de irrigação e a produção de compostos orgânicos oriundos de matérias primas diferentes a partir da análise emergética; por meio da mensuração da quantidade de recursos renováveis (R), não renováveis (N), provenientes da economia (F) e o fluxo emergético nos sistemas de produção, que possibilitaram o cálculo dos seguintes Índices Emergéticos: Rendimento emergético (EYR), Investimento emergético (EIR), Carga ambiental/Impacto ambiental (ELR), Índice de sustentabilidade (ESI) e Renovabilidade (%R). A estufa de bambu se mostrou sustentável a médio prazo (ESI=1,34), mesmo tendo em sua composição dois materiais classificados como não sustentáveis, o bambu tratado e o eucalipto tratado. O item que tem maior contribuição para a emergia da estufa (8,68E+12 seJ m-2 ano-1) é a mão de obra (45,14%) por se tratar de um processo construtivo artesanal. Comparou-se a produção de mudas de hortaliças utilizando o mesmo substrato comercial e diferentes sistemas de irrigação; a emergia total da produção com o sistema de irrigação com microaspersores foi de 1,26E+15 seJ ano-1 enquanto o sistema com pulverização costal foi de 1,88E+15 seJ ano-1, as UEV foram de 6,77E+10 seJ muda-1 e 1,01E+11 seJ muda-1, respectivamente; ambos os sistemas se mostraram sustentáveis a médio prazo, e na comparação, o sistema de pulverização costal teve um melhor desempenho em todos os índices emergéticos por utilizar menos água e mais trabalho humano. Já os compostos orgânicos estudos apresentaram UEVs de 3,32E+12 seJ L-1 e 1,45E+12 seJ L-1, elevados teores de macro e micronutrientes, mas não tiveram um bom desempenho como substrato para a produção de mudas.
Vegetables have special nutritional importance, specially when the prevention of diseases such as cancer, type II diabetes and obesity. In Brazil, its consumption is below the recommended. It is necessary to look for ways to stimulate its consumption and, for this, it is necessary to create mechanisms that guarantee access and sufficient, diversified and permanent supply for the entire population. The productive model that stands out in the production of this type of food is family farming, as it produces more than 50% of the food contained in the Brazilian basic food basket and is formed by about 70% of Brazilian rural workers. In urban areas, community gardens are relevant, bringing farmers closer to consumers, offering more affordable prices and making use of idle spaces. In the vegetable production process, the production of seedlings is one of the most important steps, since the quality of the seedlings is crucial for the productive performance of the plants. Sustainable forms of agriculture are vital for the production of healthy food, without abusive use of natural resources or products that cause strong aggression to the environment. Emergy is a biophysical tool for sustainability assessment, which measures, in a single metric, the work of nature and human beings in the generation of their products and services. The present study dealt with the emergy analysis of the production of vegetable seedlings in an artisanal bamboo greenhouse in the city of Botucatu - SP, with the general objective of analyzing the diversified production of seedlings on a small scale with variations in the form of irrigation and the production of organic compounds. from different raw materials from the emergy analysis; by measuring the amount of renewable resources (R), non-renewable (N), from the economy (F) and the emergy flow in production systems, which enabled the calculation of the following Emergetic Indices: Emergetic yield ( EYR), Emerging Investment (EIR), Environmental Load / Environmental Impact (ELR), Sustainability Index (ESI) and Renewability (%R). The bamboo greenhouse proved to be sustainable in the medium term (ESI=1.34), even having in its composition two materials classified as unsustainable, treated bamboo and treated eucalyptus. The item that has the greatest contribution to the emergy of the greenhouse (8.68E+12 seJ m-2 yr-1) is labor (45.14%), as it is a handcrafted construction process. The production of vegetable seedlings using the same commercial substrate and different irrigation systems was compared; the total production emergy with the micro-sprinkler irrigation system was 1.26E+15 seJ yr-1 while the costal spray system was 1.88E+15 seJ yr-1, the UEV were 6.77E+10 seJ seedling-1 and 1.01E+11 seJ seedling-1, respectively; both systems proved to be sustainable in the medium term, and in comparison, the costal spray system performed better on all emergy indices as it used less water and more human labor. The organic compounds studied presented UEVs of 3.32E+12 seJ L-1 and 1.45E+12 seJ L-1, high levels of macro and micronutrients, but they did not perform well as a substrate for the production of seedlings.
Vegetables have special nutritional importance, specially when the prevention of diseases such as cancer, type II diabetes and obesity. In Brazil, its consumption is below the recommended. It is necessary to look for ways to stimulate its consumption and, for this, it is necessary to create mechanisms that guarantee access and sufficient, diversified and permanent supply for the entire population. The productive model that stands out in the production of this type of food is family farming, as it produces more than 50% of the food contained in the Brazilian basic food basket and is formed by about 70% of Brazilian rural workers. In urban areas, community gardens are relevant, bringing farmers closer to consumers, offering more affordable prices and making use of idle spaces. In the vegetable production process, the production of seedlings is one of the most important steps, since the quality of the seedlings is crucial for the productive performance of the plants. Sustainable forms of agriculture are vital for the production of healthy food, without abusive use of natural resources or products that cause strong aggression to the environment. Emergy is a biophysical tool for sustainability assessment, which measures, in a single metric, the work of nature and human beings in the generation of their products and services. The present study dealt with the emergy analysis of the production of vegetable seedlings in an artisanal bamboo greenhouse in the city of Botucatu - SP, with the general objective of analyzing the diversified production of seedlings on a small scale with variations in the form of irrigation and the production of organic compounds. from different raw materials from the emergy analysis; by measuring the amount of renewable resources (R), non-renewable (N), from the economy (F) and the emergy flow in production systems, which enabled the calculation of the following Emergetic Indices: Emergetic yield ( EYR), Emerging Investment (EIR), Environmental Load / Environmental Impact (ELR), Sustainability Index (ESI) and Renewability (%R). The bamboo greenhouse proved to be sustainable in the medium term (ESI=1.34), even having in its composition two materials classified as unsustainable, treated bamboo and treated eucalyptus. The item that has the greatest contribution to the emergy of the greenhouse (8.68E+12 seJ m-2 yr-1) is labor (45.14%), as it is a handcrafted construction process. The production of vegetable seedlings using the same commercial substrate and different irrigation systems was compared; the total production emergy with the micro-sprinkler irrigation system was 1.26E+15 seJ yr-1 while the costal spray system was 1.88E+15 seJ yr-1, the UEV were 6.77E+10 seJ seedling-1 and 1.01E+11 seJ seedling-1, respectively; both systems proved to be sustainable in the medium term, and in comparison, the costal spray system performed better on all emergy indices as it used less water and more human labor. The organic compounds studied presented UEVs of 3.32E+12 seJ L-1 and 1.45E+12 seJ L-1, high levels of macro and micronutrients, but they did not perform well as a substrate for the production of seedlings.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Emergia, Agricultura sustentável, Composto orgânico, Substrato, Agricultura familiar, Agricultura urbana, Irrigação, Emergy, Sustainable agriculture, Organic compost, Substrate, Family farming, Urban agriculture, Irrigation