Efeitos da florivoria sobre a sinalização química e visual em interações planta-polinizador
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Data
2022-01-18
Autores
Tunes, Priscila Teixeira [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Interações bióticas demandam o estabelecimento prévio de vias de comunicação planta-animal, as quais são essencialmente moduladas por sinais visuais e químicos. Dentre os caracteres relacionados à polinização, a cor, o padrão de coloração, a forma floral e a emissão de compostos voláteis florais desempenham papel fundamental na atração dos polinizadores. Entretanto, as pistas visuais e químicas podem ser utilizadas para a localização das flores não apenas pelos polinizadores, mas também por florívoros, sendo que a atuação de ambos pode ser simultânea e conflitante. A interface florívoro-flor-polinizador, ainda pouco explorada, constitui-se em um sistema apropriado e bastante interessante para o entendimento das complexas interações envolvendo angiospermas e seus visitantes florais. Esse cenário indica a importância de ampliarmos e aprofundarmos estudos envolvendo interações múltiplas para alcançarmos uma compreensão mais consistente sobre o processo de polinização animal, que media a reprodução de cerca de 94% das espécies vegetais tropicais. Há lacunas substanciais nas pesquisas sobre a ocorrência da florivoria em sistemas naturais, especialmente sobre os fatores ambientais e ecológicos que modulam esta interação e seus efeitos sobre a polinização e reprodução das plantas. Apesar de haver um crescente número de publicações que têm se concentrado nos efeitos da florivoria sobre o sucesso reprodutivo vegetal, são poucos os estudos que exploram as modificações decorrentes da florivoria nos atrativos florais químicos e visuais e nas vias de comunicação entre planta e polinizador. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo visa ampliar o conhecimento sobre as bases das interações florívoro-planta-polinizador. Assim, apresentamos cinco capítulos em que exploramos, de forma complementar, diversos aspectos da interação florívoro-flor-polinizador, envolvendo a incidência da florivoria, seus possíveis moduladores ambientais, seu impacto sobre os atrativos florais químicos e visuais, e seu o impacto sobre a polinização de espécies vegetais tropicais. Em síntese, verificamos que uma ampla gama de espécies vegetais sofre florivoria e que a ação dos florívoros afetou os caracteres químicos e visuais de maneira espécie-específica, sendo que, na maioria dos casos, a florivoria não afetou as características do odor floral. Adicionalmente, constatamos que a simetria floral, a área 10 floral e a integridade de seu contorno não são essenciais para a manutenção da interação com abelhas polinizadoras. Deste modo, concluímos que os efeitos da florivoria sobre atrativos florais isolados pode não ser suficiente para gerar uma resposta comportamental dos polinizadores que seja prejudicial à polinização, especialmente porque diversos grupos de polinizadores se utilizam de pistas multimodais para forragear e visitar flores. Nosso estudo destaca a complexidade intrínseca às interações florívoro-flor-polinizador e ressalta a necessidade de aprofundarmos nossos conhecimentos sobre o tema para que possamos desvendar e compreender padrões macroecológicos de florivoria e suas possíveis consequências para a comunicação flor-polinizador e, consequentemente, para a polinização das espécies vegetais.
Biotic interactions demand the previous establishment of plant-animal communication pathways, which are essentially modulated by visual and chemical cues. Among the traits related to pollination, floral colour, colour patterns, floral shape and the emission of floral volatile compounds present a crucial role on pollinator attraction. However, the visual and chemical cues can be used to locate flowers not only by the pollinators, but also by florivores, being that both can act concomitantly and contrastingly. The florivore-flower-pollinator interface, still poorly explored, constitutes an appropriate and interesting system to understand complex antagonist-plant-mutualist interactions. This scenario highlights the importance of broadening and deepening studies regarding multiple interactions to reach a more consistent comprehension of the process of animal pollination, which mediates the reproduction of approximately 94% of tropical plant species. There are substantial gaps in the research on the occurrence of florivory in natural systems, especially regarding the environmental and ecological factors that drive this interaction and its effects on plant species pollination and reproduction. Besides the growing number of papers focussing on the effects of florivory on plant reproductive success, there are few studies that explore the changes induced by florivory on floral chemical and visual attractants and on plant-pollinator communication pathways. Therefore, the present study aims to help to fill several existing gaps in the study of florivore-flower-pollinator interactions. Thus, we present five chapters in which we explore, in a complementary manner, several facets of the florivore-flower-pollinator interaction, involving the incidence of florivory, its possible environmental drivers, its effect on floral visual and chemical attractants, and its effect on tropical plant species pollination. In summary, we verified that an ample array of plant species shows signs of florivory, however, florivore’s effect on floral chemical and visual attractants was species-specific, being that, in most cases, florivory did not affect chemical attractants. Additionally, we verified that floral symmetry, floral area and its outline integrity are not essential for the maintenance of plant-pollinator interactions. Therefore, we conclude that the effects of florivory on single floral attractants might not be enough to trigger a pollinator behavioural response that is detrimental to pollination, especially because many pollinator groups rely on multimodal cues to make their foraging decisions and visit flowers. Our study showcases the intrinsic complexity of florivore-flower-pollinator interactions and highlights the need to broaden our knowledge regarding this subject to unravel and understand macroecological patterns of florivory and its possible 12 consequences for flower-pollinator communication and, consequently, for plant species reproduction.
Biotic interactions demand the previous establishment of plant-animal communication pathways, which are essentially modulated by visual and chemical cues. Among the traits related to pollination, floral colour, colour patterns, floral shape and the emission of floral volatile compounds present a crucial role on pollinator attraction. However, the visual and chemical cues can be used to locate flowers not only by the pollinators, but also by florivores, being that both can act concomitantly and contrastingly. The florivore-flower-pollinator interface, still poorly explored, constitutes an appropriate and interesting system to understand complex antagonist-plant-mutualist interactions. This scenario highlights the importance of broadening and deepening studies regarding multiple interactions to reach a more consistent comprehension of the process of animal pollination, which mediates the reproduction of approximately 94% of tropical plant species. There are substantial gaps in the research on the occurrence of florivory in natural systems, especially regarding the environmental and ecological factors that drive this interaction and its effects on plant species pollination and reproduction. Besides the growing number of papers focussing on the effects of florivory on plant reproductive success, there are few studies that explore the changes induced by florivory on floral chemical and visual attractants and on plant-pollinator communication pathways. Therefore, the present study aims to help to fill several existing gaps in the study of florivore-flower-pollinator interactions. Thus, we present five chapters in which we explore, in a complementary manner, several facets of the florivore-flower-pollinator interaction, involving the incidence of florivory, its possible environmental drivers, its effect on floral visual and chemical attractants, and its effect on tropical plant species pollination. In summary, we verified that an ample array of plant species shows signs of florivory, however, florivore’s effect on floral chemical and visual attractants was species-specific, being that, in most cases, florivory did not affect chemical attractants. Additionally, we verified that floral symmetry, floral area and its outline integrity are not essential for the maintenance of plant-pollinator interactions. Therefore, we conclude that the effects of florivory on single floral attractants might not be enough to trigger a pollinator behavioural response that is detrimental to pollination, especially because many pollinator groups rely on multimodal cues to make their foraging decisions and visit flowers. Our study showcases the intrinsic complexity of florivore-flower-pollinator interactions and highlights the need to broaden our knowledge regarding this subject to unravel and understand macroecological patterns of florivory and its possible 12 consequences for flower-pollinator communication and, consequently, for plant species reproduction.
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Palavras-chave
Àrea floral, Compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) florais, Comunicação química, Comunicação visual, Florivoria, Simetria floral, Herbivoria floral, Polinização, Chemical communication, Floral area, Floral herbivory, Floral symmetry, Floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Florivory, Pollination, Visual communication